1. 4세대 이동통신
KAIST
전기 및 전자공학과
조 동 호

2. 목 차 1. 추진현황 2. 특징 3. 주요 응용 서비스 4. 주파수 스펙트럼 5. ALL IP 구조 6. 네트워크 진화
목 차
1. 추진현황
2. 특징
3. 주요 응용 서비스
4. 주파수 스펙트럼
5. ALL IP 구조
6. 네트워크 진화
7. 단말기
8. 주요 핵심 기술

3. 1. 추진현황
북미에서는 NSF (National Science Foundation) 에서 제 4세대 이동 통신 시스템에서 필요한 기술에 관한 워크샵을 개최하고 있음
유럽의 ACTS (Advanced Communication Technologies and Services) 프로그램내의 FRAMES (Future Radio widebAnd Multiple accEss Systems)에서 ACTS Mobile Communication Summit 을 통해 제 4세대 이동통신시스템에 관한 논의가 이루어지고 있으나 자료는 공개되고 있지 않음
유럽의 PCC (Personal Computing and Communication) 에서는 제 4세대 무선 통신 인프라스트럭쳐에 관한 프로젝트를 여러 해 동안 해오고 있으나 세부 관련 기술에 대해서는 공개하고 있지 않음
NTT Docomo 에서 제 4세대 이동통신에 대해 Post IMT-2000이라는 이름으로 연구를 수행해 오고 있으나 아직 공개된 자료가 없는 상황임

4. 2. 특징 Characteristics of the 4th generation
New network types ?
New frequency bands?
New air interfaces?
New terminals/appliances?
Different network management?
New services?
Better cost/performance ratios?
Higher reliability?
Perhaps all, but only where the business case justifies the investment !

5. 서비스 속성 서비스 패러다임의 변화 기술 → 서비스(고객만족) 개인이동 → 서비스 이동(데이타 위주)
음성전화 → 인터넷 전화, 비디오 전화
user friendly, integrated, personalized service
personal area connectivity(bluetooth) 서비스
BS of PAN : mobile station
location service
push service

6. IP based broadband cellular network 서비스
heterogeneous, hierarchical, complementary broadband network 서비스
모든 방식의 통합 단일 표준 서비스

7. 3. 주요 응용 서비스 Virtual navigation Telemedicine Infostation
Telegeoprocessing applications
Crisis management applications
Education via the internet
Mobile computer networks
Computer- and network-aided remote collaboration
Neighborhood access

8. 4. 주파수 스펙트럼 Forecasted Traffic on 2010 - 20155 10 15 20 25
1999
2010
（ ITU-R TG-8/1 for Asia ）
2015
（Extrapolation）　 Up
Down
63％
23？
5.4 １
10％ ③
30% ④
15% ②
28% ① 8%
9１％
Multimedia
④ (U:128k,D:10Mbps)
③ (U:128k, D:2Mbps)
② (U:64k,D:384kbps)
① (U/D:128kbps×n)
1G / 2G services
Voice (U/D:16k,Vox.5)
Others(<64kbps） ９％
① Multimedia traffic increases 40%/year.
② 10Mbps downstream service emerges.
③ Saturation of １G/２G services traffic.
Subscribers ×1.5
Voice ： Multimedia traffic ratio ~ １：２ （in 2010）
Relative traffic value in bits　
Year

9. Bandwidth for 4G System at 2015
- An estimation based on TG8/1 CPM Report -
Assumptions
Growth Rate of Data Services: 40%/year times/5years.
Bases: Capability increase of memory chips is around 1.4 times/year.
Increase of information bits in visual multimedia equipment is
around 47%/year.
Realization of Very High MultiMedia (VHMM): 128kbit/s(U), 10Mbit/s(D)
Required bandwidth will be half of HMM in IMT-2000 at year 2015.
Additionally required
bandwidth at 2015
1350 MHz
1830 MHz
480 MHz
IMT-2000
at 2010
Required bandwidth
at 2015
Services of 1G and 2G systems will be stayed.
Required bandwidth of S, SM and SD will be the same at year 2010.
< In case of Region 3 >

10. Frequency Bands for Mobile Communications
(GHz) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Japan
USA
Europe
For 4G ?
1429
1525
810
960
1610
1626.5
1885
2025
2110
2200
IRIDIUM
2500
2535
2655
2690
N-STAR
(MHz)
IMT2000
PHS
PDC
(in Japan)

11. R&D and Standardization
2000
2005
2010 ?
R&D
Air-Interface
(ver.1)
Service
Start
‘99 Nov.
ITU/R
WP-8F Established
(IMT-2000 and Systems beyond IMT-2000)
Air-Interface
Standardization
‘00
‘02
‘04
‘06
‘08
WRC
Frequency
Allocation
IMT2000
Additional Band
Proposal for 4G
Start Discussion
for 4G
Spectrum Allocation
for 4G ?
4G Forum / 4GPP ?

12. 5. ALL IP 구조 Release 2000 Architecture
Includes All-IP Architecture Option
GPRS as basis
Includes GPRS Core Network
Home Subscriber Server (HSS) instead of HLR
New Entities - Voice over IP infrastructure
Call State Control Function (CSCF)
Media Gateway Control Function (MGCF)
Media Gateway Function (MGW)
etc.
New Interfaces
New Protocols

13. R00 All-IP Reference ArchitectureGf Gi
Iu-ps' Iu Mr Ms R Uu
MGW Gn Gc Gp
Signalling and Data Transfer Interface
Signalling Interface TE MT
UTRAN Gr
Other PLMN
SGSN
GGSN
EIR
MGCF
R-SGW
MRF
Multimedia
IP Networks
PSTN/
Legacy/External
Applications &
Services *) Mm Mw
Legacy mobile
signaling
Network Mc Cx Um
ERAN
Alternative
Access Mh
CSCF Mg
T-SGW *)
HSS *)
Applications
& Services *)
MSC server
GMSC server 1 =
Iucs (RTP,
AAL2) 2
(RANAP) *)
those elements are duplicated for figure
layout purpose only, they belong to the same
logical element in the reference model
MAP
SCP
CAP Nb Nc
R-SGW *)

14. All-IP System Level Architecture
Application
servers
Service
capability
servers
SCP
HSS
OSA
CAP
WIN
Gr+
MAP+
Iu-PS
SGSN
3G RAN
GGSN
IPv6
All-IP Core
TSGW
PSTN
MGW
ISUP
RAS
Legacy
Cellular
RSGW
WLAN, DSL,
cable...
MAP
IS-41
SIP FW
CSCF
H.248
MGCF
MRF
Internet
CSCF Call State Control Function MRF Multimedia Resource Function
HSS Home Subscriber Server RAS Remote Access Server (DSLAM, head end…)
MGCF Media Gateway Control Function RSGW Roaming Signaling Gateway
MGW Media Gateway TSGW Transport Signaling Gate

15. R00 All-IP Reference Architecture
Service Layer
OSA, VHE,
etc.
SCP
CSCF
Application Layer
Legacy Mobile
Signaling
Networks
RSGW
CSCF
External IP
Networks
MGCF
HSS
MRF
TSGW
GGSN
MGW
Transport
Layer
SGSN
PSTN/
External CS
Networks
WLAN, DSL, Cable, etc.
RAS

16. R00 New Protocols (?) Protocol between CSCF and Mobile or IP Phone:
H.323 or SIP
CSCF-MRF: Mr
H.248/Megaco
CSCF-MGW: Mc
CSCF-HSS:Cx
IP based Interface
CSCF-CSCF: Mw
Bear Independent Control Protocol (BICC) or SIP?
CSCF-Legacy Mobile Network: Ms
IP based signaling - The same as Mw
CSCF-Applications/Services:
Difference: Camel over IP (Sigtran)
Real-time IP transport:
RTP/UDP/IP

17. Evolutions of the Systems
6. 네트워크 진화
Evolutions of the Systems
'80s
'90s
2000s
Initial stage
Growing stage
Expansion stage
Matured Stage
Analog
Digital
4th-Generation
IMT-2000
AMPS,NMT,NTT…
GSM,PDC,IS-95….
(1st generation)
(2nd generation)
(3rd generation)
Mobile
Data
9.6 k – 64 kbps
(packet)
64 k – 384 kbps,
2 Mbps (indoor)
2Mbps
20 Mbps (best effort /
down link)
< 300 bps
PSTN
Data
28.8 kbps
64 kbps
～1 Mbps
～ 20 Mbps ?

18. Mobile Systems beyond IMT-2000
0.1
Data Rate (Mbit/s) 1
Vehicular
Pedestrian
Stationary
Mobility 10
100
IMT-2000
Wireless Access
Wireless LAN
4G System
5G Syst.
( 4th Generation )

19. Expectations for 4G System
・High Speed (Vehicular: 2 Mbps, Pedestrian/Indoor:20 Mbit/s)
・ Next Generation Internet support (IPv6, QoS, Mo-IP)
・ High-capacity 5～10 times to 3G
・ Seamless Services with Fixed NW and private NW.
・ Flexible for Providing New Services
・ Utilize Higher Frequencies (For example 3～8 GHz)
・ Lower System Cost (1/10 of IMT2000?)

20. Reconfigurable Radio Technological and System Context Wireless
Information
Society
Satellite
Broadband
S-UMTS
4th Generation
Broadband
W-LAN
Bluetooth
DVB-S
Personal
Area Networks
Satellite/HAPS
DVB-T IR
DAB
UMTS ++
Body LANs
Indoor
Broadband
WFA
Broadcasting
UMTS
GPRS/EDGE
MBS 60
MWS
Local Area Networks
GSM
MBS 40
xMDS
Cellular
Wireless Local Loop
Quasi-Cellular

21. 4G Cell and Network 4G Network IP Back born/ Internet PSTN ISDN
Contents Server
(Media Server)
Cordless
Subscriber Loop
WLL
IP Back born/
Internet
PSTN
ISDN
Pico-Cell
R-LAN
Indoor
Macro-Cell
Vehicle　Mobile
Public　Transportation
Micro-Cell
2,3G Network

22. Seamless future network including multiple interworking access systems

23. Difficulty of 4G System Increasing Output Power !! Higher Speed
Frequency
( GHz)
Information Bit Rate
2.6
For example :
5 GHz, 2 Mbit/s
200 Times more
than 2GHz, 100kbit/s
Increasing Output Power !!
Increasing Propagation Loss
Increasing RF Circuit Loss

24. Wireless devices in the 4th Generation
7. 단말기
Wireless devices in the 4th Generation
Embedded wireless interfaces link the human-world with the net-world (monitor,interact, act)
Devices have multiple personalities (cell phone, pager, GPS, locator)
Can acquire distinct functionalities with instant downloadable software upgrades
Communicate with other wireless devices
Dynamically adjust to the network conditions (traffic load, channels) and service objectives

25. Digital Wireless Connections
Bluetooth can provide a wireless connection between any electronic device conforming to the standard. It aims to provide these connections over a range of just a few metres, sufficient for the majority of applications with the aim of minimising its power consumption and BOM cost.

26. Advanced antenna conceptsRF RF
frontend BB RF BB RF
signal
signal . . .
processing
processing RF
frontend RF
Diversity concepts
Multiple antenna concepts RF RF BB . RF
signal . .
processing RF
Adaptive antenna concepts

27. Multi mode and reconfigurable terminals
multi mode terminal with
parallel
modes BB
signal
processing RF
mode 1 2 n
multi mode terminal with software
defined signal processing
RF 1
RF 2
RF n
memory for
parameter
sets
fully adaptive software reconfigurable terminal
programmable
high
power
flexible
and
adaptive
frontend

28. 8. 주요 핵심 기술 가. 무선접속 분야 Channel Models, Measurements, and Analysis
Network Protocols Matched to Channels
Fast Protocols/Algorithms for Temporally-Spatially Varying Channels
Multi-user system design and deployment for Capacity and QoS
RF/Millimeter Frequency Design Tools and Fabrication Techniques
Antenna Design and Component Research
Interference, Security, Ad-Hoc Networks and Their Coexistence

29. 나. 신호처리 분야 Smart antennas
interaction among the numerous signal processing algorithms and tasks in a highly mobile, high bit rate, and wireless communications environment
mobile/base station asymmetry for signal processing tasks
signal processing tasks for very large bandwidth, high frequency, and unreliable channels

30. 다. 네트워킹/mobile computing 분야
(1) 네트워크 구조
Hierarchical, mobile, ad hoc network architecture
Ad hoc peer-to-peer wireless networks
Cellular wireless network architectures
(2) 네트워크 프로토콜
effective and fair support of widely diversified traffic components
adaptivity to rapidly changing network conditions
ability to interact with the application layers
ability to interact with the physical layers (antennas, channel modulation and coding schemes, power control)

31. 라. 시스템 분야 integrated services support Dynamic resource allocation
Joint source and channel coding
Overall system topology
Integration of all layers of the protocol stack
Optimization of the combined multiple adaptive subsystems, such as error correction, interference suppression, and multipath abatement

32. 마. 이동 응용 분야 Caching (data replication)
Smart push and seamless pull for predictive prefetching based on user profiles using multicast network protocols
Transaction management (recovery, modeling)
Software adaptability (including query optimization)
Security
Computing paradigms for information access over high bandwidth wireless links. (client-server, client-agent-server, proxies, etc.)

33. Fault tolerance/recovery to solve the problems associated with increased error rates
Extensive research in data modeling, database query languages, uncertainty management, and indexing according to the mobility
Location dependent data and applications (including queries based on mobility direction)
Organization and content of Broadcast data
Interfacing with and querying networking services

34. Requirements and Technologies
Adaptive Array Antenna (BS & MS)
Micro & Pico Cell (with Macro Cell)
Wireless/Optical Entrance Link
Co-existence with IMT2000
Software Radio
Multi-Band (Microwave & UHF)
Manufacturing Technology
Location Identification
WDM
IP Networking
Wearable Terminals
New Applications Specialized to Mobile
High Speed Data
Ultra High Capacity
Cost Down
Nationwide Coverage
Smaller Terminals
Attractive Services

35. 결론 10년마다 새로운 이동통신시스템의 출현 TG 8/1이 IMT2000 표준안을 제정하기 위하여 10년 이상 노력
92년에 2GHz 주파수 대역을 IMT2000 시스템용으로 할당
4세대 이동통신시스템에 대한 연구개발을 가능하면 빨리 수행하여 핵심원천 기술을 확보하여야 함