1. Cardiovascular System Quick Review
A & P
Cardiovascular System
Quick Review

2. For the heart diagram, you should be able to: Label & describe path of blood through the heart (including O2 & CO2) Label major blood vessels Label chambers & valves

4. Major blood vessels of the heart

5. Chambers & Valves of the Heart

6. Label and describe the following:. Pulmonary circulation
Label and describe the following: *Pulmonary circulation *Systemic circulation *Hepatic portal circulation *Difference between blood vessels (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, & veins)

7. Location of pulmonary circulation

8. Systemic circulation, in physiology, the circuit of vessels supplying oxygenated blood to and returning deoxygenated blood from the tissues of the body, as distinguished from the pulmonary circulation. Blood is pumped from the left ventricle of the heart through the aorta and arterial branches to the arterioles and through capillaries, where it reaches an equilibrium with the tissue fluid, and then drains through the venules into the veins and returns, via the venae cavae, to the right atrium of the heart.

9. Location of systemic circulation

10. Location of hepatic portal
The portal venous system is responsible for directing blood from parts of the gastrointestinal tract to the liver. Substances absorbed in the small intestine travel first to the liver for processing before continuing to the heart.

11. Hepatic Portal (cont.)

13. Define the following including causes:
*Pericarditis
*Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
*Myocardial infarction (MI)
*Heart murmur
*Aneurysm
*Artherosclerosis
*Hypertension

14. Pericarditis is swelling and irritation of the pericardium, the thin saclike membrane surrounding your heart. Pericarditis often causes chest pain and sometimes other symptoms. The sharp chest pain associated with pericarditis occurs when the irritated layers of the pericardium rub against each other. Causes: *often occurs after a respiratory infection *bacterial, fungal, and other infections *Most cases of chronic, or recurring, pericarditis are thought to be the result of autoimmune disorders.

15. Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) occurs when the leaflets of the mitral valve bulge (prolapse) into the heart's left upper chamber (left atrium) like a parachute during the heart's contraction. Mitral (MY-trul) valve prolapse sometimes leads to blood leaking backward into the left atrium, a condition called mitral valve regurgitation. Causes: The most common cause of MVP is abnormally stretchy valve leaflets (called myxomatous valve disease).

16. Myocardial infarction (MI)
The heart requires its own constant supply of oxygen and nutrients, like any muscle in the body. The heart has three coronary arteries, two of them large, branching arteries that deliver oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. If one of these arteries or branches becomes blocked suddenly, a portion of the heart is starved of oxygen, a condition called "cardiac ischemia."
If cardiac ischemia lasts too long, the starved heart tissue dies. This is a heart attack, otherwise known as a myocardial infarction -- literally, "death of heart muscle.“
Most common cause:
A blocked coronary artery that causes starved heart tissue to die.

17. Heart murmurs are sounds during your heartbeat cycle — such as whooshing or swishing — made by turbulent blood in or near your heart. These sounds can be heard with a stethoscope. A normal heartbeat makes two sounds like "lubb-dupp“. Causes: In children, abnormal murmurs are usually caused by congenital heart disease. In adults, abnormal murmurs are most often due to acquired heart valve problems.

18. Aneurysm Think of a weak spot in a balloon and how it feels stretched out and thin. An aneurysm is like that. It’s a weak spot in the wall of a blood vessel. That area of the blood vessel gets worn out from constant flow of blood and bulges out, almost like a bubble. It can grow to the size of a small berry. Causes: Aneurysms have a variety of causes including high blood pressure and atherosclerosis, trauma, heredity, and abnormal blood flow at the junction where arteries come together.

19. Artherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries. Plaque is a sticky substance made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances found in the blood. Over time, plaque hardens and narrows your arteries. That limits the flow of oxygen-rich blood to your body.
Causes:
Atherosclerosis begins with damage to the endothelium. It’s caused by high blood pressure, smoking, or high cholesterol. That damage leads to the formation of plaque. When bad cholesterol, or LDL, crosses the damaged endothelium, the cholesterol enters the wall of the artery. That causes your white blood cellsto stream in to digest the LDL. Over years, cholesterol and cells become plaque in the wall of the artery.

20. Hypertension (high blood pressure) High blood pressure is a common condition in which the long-term force of the blood against your artery walls is high enough that it may eventually cause health problems, such as heart disease. You can have high blood pressure (hypertension) for years without any symptoms. Even without symptoms, damage to blood vessels and your heart continues and can be detected. Uncontrolled high blood pressure increases your risk of serious health problems, including heart attack and stroke. Causes: Acute causes of high blood pressure include stress, but it can happen on its own, or it can result from an underlying condition, such as kidney disease.