1. Eucaryotic cells and microorganisms

2. Eucaryotes Large Contains nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
Microbiological eukaryotes =
protozoa,
algae,
fungi (yeasts + filamentous),
parasitic helminths (larvae, eggs)

3. Endosymbiotic theory
Mitochondria – have their own DNA – circular, like bacteria
Chloroplasts – also have DNA – cyanobacteria-like
Both are surrounded by double membrane

5. General eucaryotic structures

6. 3 Eucaryotic cells
Has every category

8. Flagella 10X thicker than procaryotic flagella function in motility
appendages
10X thicker than procaryotic flagella
function in motility
Whips and thrashes; pushes or pulls (can be on anterior or posterior end)
Vary in number and placement

9. appendages
Cilia
similar in overall structure to flagella, but shorter and more numerous
found only on a single group of protozoa (ciliates) and certain animal cells
function in motility, feeding & filtering
Beat like oars (power stroke, recovery stroke)

10. Glycocalyx fungi and most algae: thick, rigid cell wall
Cell envelope
Glycocalyx
Polysaccharides (usually)
outermost boundary, direct contact with environment
network of fibers, a slime layer or a capsule
functions in:
adherence, protection & signal reception
beneath the glycocalyx:
fungi and most algae: thick, rigid cell wall
protozoa, a few algae, and all animal cells lack a cell wall & have only a membrane

11. Glycocalyx structure (fungus)

12. Cell wall rigid & provide structural support & shape
Cell envelope
rigid & provide structural support & shape
Fungi: thick inner layer of polysaccharide fibers composed of chitin or sometimes cellulose & a thin layer of mixed glycans
Algae: varies in chemical composition; substances commonly found include cellulose, pectin, mannans, silicon dioxide, & calcium carbonate

13. Cell membrane Typically a bilayer of phospholipids and proteins
Cell envelope
Typically a bilayer of phospholipids and proteins
sterols may be present – give stability
serve as porous barriers; transport substances into and out of cells
eucaryotic cells also contain membrane-bound organelles that account for 60-80% of their volume

14. ORGANELLES The Nucleus
compact sphere, most prominent organelle of eucaryotic cell
nuclear envelope is composed of two parallel membranes separated by a narrow space & is perforated with pores
contains chromosomes

15. organelles
1. nucleus

16. Organelles
-Nucleus

17. 2. Endoplasmic reticulum
organelles
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)–
Rough = ribosomes
Protein synthesis (on ribosome) and packaging ER – protein then sent to Golgi apparatus
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)–
closed tubular network without ribosomes
nutrient processing, synthesis & storage of lipids, etc.

18. 2a. rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

19. 2b. Smooth ER

20. organelles
3. Golgi apparatus
consists of a stack of flattened sacs called cisternae
closely associated with ER
Transitional vesicles from the ER containing proteins go to the Golgi apparatus for modification and maturation Condensing vesicles transport proteins to organelles or secretory proteins to the outside
receives, processes, packages, ships

22. Example (secretory protein):
Transport process
Assembly line
Example (secretory protein):
Protein made in ER (ribosomes)
Leaves as TV  Golgi
Modified, packaged, shipped (CV)
Secreted (exocytosis)
see movie link

23. 4. Lysozomes vesicles containing enzymes
organelles
vesicles containing enzymes
involved in intracellular digestion of food particles & in protection against invading microbes

24. has procaryotic ribosomes, DNA and metabolic enzymes
5. Mitochondria
organelles
consists of an outer membrane & an inner membrane with folds called cristae
has procaryotic ribosomes, DNA and metabolic enzymes
divides independently of cell
function as powerplants of the cell

26. cytoskeleton

27. Ribosomes composed of rRNA and proteins
Other cytoplasmic structures
composed of rRNA and proteins
2 subunits (large, small) form functional ribosome
larger than procaryotic ribosomes
function in protein synthesis
Free in cytoplasm or on RER