1. To what extent do people’s experiences with nationalism vary?
Chapter 4
To what extent do people’s experiences with nationalism vary?

2. Is there a collective consciousness in a Canadian Context?#2
Collective consciousness: a sharing of similar values, beliefs, and internalized feelings based on shared experiences.
So what is Canada?
What is Canadian?
When did we become a nation?

3. Did Canada become a nation?#3
During U.S. revolution, many Americans went to B.C.
July , New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario and Quebec made “Canada”
Unification of coast to coast b/c of the CPR.
1870 Manitoba joined dominion. B.C. in 1871 and AB and Sask
First World War- Canadians fought together, not British and French.
Canadian Citizenship Act in 1947
Newfoundland joining in 1948
Constitution Act of 1982
The native inhabitants that lived here before Europeans.
Upper and Lower Canada, the constitutional act of 1791 legally established two provinces under a joint governor-in-chief.
Upper- British and Lower- French

4. In 1867, How did Canada look?
Confederation in 1867, 90% of Canadian came from British or French backgrounds.
Most of them settled in the east, French mostly stayed in Quebec and the rest started moving throughout the four provinces.

5. Canada in 1905

6. Key Moments in History that help define a sense of collective consciousness in Canada#6
1) Victory at Vimy Ridge:
Defining moment- first time that Canadian troops fought in a Canadian-run military operation. 4 divisions from all of Canada stormed the ridge. Their victory was an important part of the war.
Vimy became a symbol of Canadian nationalism.
National expression- Memorial in the area surrounding, representing the dead Canadians.

7. The Canadian Charter of rights and freedoms#7
Part of the Canadian constitution. The charter guarantees certain freedoms
List the four from pg. 77
Guarantees legal rights such as,
The presumption of innocence
The right to life, liberty, and security of person
Security against unreasonable search and seizure
Guarantees democratic rights such as,
List the 3 from pg. 78
* Charter also includes language rights, English and French are established as official languages, and certain minority rights are guaranteed.

8. Canada Day #8 1879 Canada’s national day was called Dominion Day
1958 federal government began staging official celebrations for Dominion Day
1968 multicultural elements were added
1980 government promoted and sponsored local celebrations, including fireworks.
1982 holiday officially renamed Canada Day

9. Answer…
Could the support of the ideals of the charter reflect a shared collected consciousness for Canadians? In what ways?
Is Canada Day an expression of nationalism by the Canadian government or by the people of Canada? Do Canada Day celebrations reflect the internalized feelings of Canadians?
In what ways can immigration widen the scope of who may share a Canadian collective consciousness?

10. Is there a range of collective consciousness among people in Canada?
With in Canada people have diverse understandings of nation. Quebecois in Canada, First nations and Inuit hold alternative understandings of nation based on their shared experiences.

11. Quebecois Nationalism
Historically, those who spoke French were Canadien or Canadien-francais
Quebecois identity emerged in 20th century as a political and linguistic distinction from Francophones from elsewhere in Canada.
How has this Quebecois identity emerged as internalized feeling shared uniquely by Francophones in Quebec?

12. “Maitres chez nous” Masters in our own house.
In last few decades of 20th, Quebec saw many changes. Prior to, English businesses dominated, and controlled employment.
Higher wages were paid to English speakers and more job opportunities were available to them.
This led to reforms…

13. “La Revolution tranquille” The Quiet Revolution 1960#9
Jean Lesage was elected premier of Quebec in 1960.
He reversed economic and political leadership of Quebec, turning control over to French speaking citizens.
What were the four reforms Lesage made(Pg. 82)?
Feelings of Nationalism grew, Quebecois collective identity reduced Anglophone identity.

14. Continued…
Quebecois nationalism continued to grow, distinguishing French Quebec from Francophones elsewhere.
This brought new “talks” to the table, regarding constitutional change and Quebec status. Such as
Co-operative federalism
Sovereignty-association
Complete separation

15. For some- reforms were too moderate, they pushed for more dramatic changes.
New groups like
RIN- (Rassemblement pour l’independence nationale)
MSA- (Movement Souveraintete-Association)
PQ- (Parti Quebecois) founded in 1968 by combining MSA and RIN.
In the provincial election of 1970, the PQ won 23 percent of the popular vote, but only held 7/108 seats. This situation, along with a tense political climate, led to “Crise d’octobre” October Crises of 1970.

16. “Front de liberation du Quebec” (FLQ)
#10
Radical group that sparked change through protest and violence. In October 1970 they Kidnapped and murdered one person. This led the government to take action.
The War Measures Act- suspended citizens legal rights. This act was used to detain 400 Quebecois without laying any charges. This brought even more tension and division between groups.

17. Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism
#11
During the 1960s Prime Minister Pearson responded to people wanting to separate by using this report as grounds for establishing Canada as Bilingual with two official languages.
It recommended that French and English would be used in Federal courts, Parliament and Federal government.
This was seen as a stepping stone in the right direction for many Quebecois. It led to the Official Languages Act later on…

18. Official Languages Act,1969
#11
Pierre Trudeau pushed for further recognition and promotion of the French language and in 1982 the enshrining of the Francophone identity in The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms further promoted francophone identity.
This would guarantee future for Francophone Quebecois by securing culture and language. But many felt linguistic and education was still lacking in the Charter and it did not go far enough.

19. Parti-Quebecois (PQ)
Led by Rene Levesque, this party offered sovereignty and an independent Quebec.
Promoted sovereignty-association
In 1980, Levesque presented a referendum asking if people wanted sovereignty from Canada.
60% voted against the move. But many felt that the new constitution still gave very little to the Quebecois.

20. The Mulroney era…
In 1987 Prime Minister Brian Mulroney tried to amend the constitution to include the issues and concerns of Quebec.
Big meeting, all premiers met at Meech Lake to draft details, a tentative agreement was drawn up.
Quebec would be recognized as a distinct society within Canada. Each province had 3 years to pass such details, Newfoundland and Manitoba failed to do so. This added fuel to the fire for the Quebecois. Some set up a new Party…Bloc Quebecois.
He would try again… In 1992 PM Mulroney tried to ratify the Charlottetown Accord, this time putting the issue of Quebec’s recognition as a distinct society to a national vote (a referendum). Once again the accord failed to be passed.

21. Bloc Quebecois…
#12
The 1990s brought expressions of Quebecois nationalism, this period heightened the separatist movement.
The Parti Quebecois was elected in Quebec and held a provincial referendum in It reflected strong support for sovereignty.
50.58 said to stay, said to leave.
WOW, pretty close. Support has began to decline since.

22. First Nations Nationalism
#13
There are many understandings of who the First Nations are, they have an internalized feeling of being a people with a shared history, experience, language and culture. And this may be specific to a certain First Nations group.
These diverse groups share a collective consciousness such as “we are the first peoples of Canada”.

23. First Nations groups Read what the following people have to say.
Ovide Mercredi, George Eramus, Mathew Coon Come, Paulette fox, Chief John Snow, Elder Poitras, Shiela Watt-Cloutier and Marlina Greig.

24. Continued… Read and complete the questions that follow the reading:
A Declaration of First Nations (86)
Who are the Métis? (87)
Inuit Perspectives (89)

25. Exploring American Identity Do Americans share a collective consciousness?
Diverse backgrounds, however do Americans share collective consciousness?
What makes them think “I am American”
Independence Day
Statue of Liberty
Landing of the pilgrim fathers
Boston Tea party

26. American Revolution 1775-1776 #14
You gain support by winning! American independence from Britain made American identity stronger.
American nationalism grew and Britain tried stopping it, but eventually war broke out , 13 colonies voted for a Declaration of Independence...The United States of America was born.

27. Melting Pot
People from a variety of ethnicities cultures, and religions form an American “new man”
A term referring to the assimilation of new immigrants to the dominant culture of their new country.
Does the idea of an American melting pot hold true for all immigrants?

28. Civil War 1861-1865 The United States was/is divided. ..
South (the confederation) had slaves
North (the union) were opposed to slavery.
1862 President Abraham Lincoln wrote Emancipation Proclamation claiming freedom for all. The war was bloody and gruesome but the north won.

29. The American Dream…the myth
Lured people by saying “land of plenty, opportunity and destiny”
“Land of Milk and Honey”
The American dream is the idea that immigrants have the freedom to achieve their goals…
One’s abilities not one’s class
This is an example of a National Myth- national expression

30. Defenders of Democracy
Americans portrayed in news media, movies and television as defenders of democracy…based on their military role in conflicts. “You win, you get support”
Read the timeline on pg. 94 and answer: Why do Americans view themselves as defenders of democracy? Do others view America as defenders of democracy?