1. The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography
Chapter 9: Development
The Cultural Landscape:
An Introduction to Human Geography
Don’t forget to look down here in the NOTES section!!!

2. Development
The process of improving the material conditions of people through the diffusion of knowledge and technology
More developed countries (MDCs)
AKA developed countries
Lesser developed countries (LDCs)
AKA emerging or developing countries
Sound like what we discussed in class??

3. Why Does Development Vary Between Countries?
The UN has created the Human Development Index (HDI) to identify these differences.
Four factors are used to assess a country’s level of development:
Economic = (1) gross domestic product (GDP) per capita
Social = (2) literacy and (3) amount of education
Demographic = (4) life expectancy
This changes year to year as the data is collected/predicted and analyzed.

4. Human Development Index
Is there anything surprising here?
Figure 9-1

5. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries?
Economic indicators of development
Types of jobs
Primary sector
Secondary sector
Tertiary sector
Quaternary sector (quinary?)
Productivity
Measured by the value added per capita
MDCs are more productive than LDCs
Consumer goods
High functioning economies can afford to pay for the education and medical needs that help to improve the social and demographic indicators.

6. Motor Vehicles Per 1,000 Persons
Is there anything interesting or odd here?
Figure 9-4

7. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries?
Social indicators of development
Education and literacy
The literacy rate
Health and welfare
Diet (adequate calories)
Access to health care
Improving these can be very expensive! How can/do LDCs with largely primary sector economies find success here?

8. Students Per Teacher, Primary School
Do you see any patterns or anomalies?
Figure 9-6

9. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries?
Demographic indicators of development
Life expectancy
Babies born today in MDCs have a life expectancy in the high 70s; babies born in LDCs, in the mid 60s
Other demographic indicators:
Infant mortality
Natural increase
Crude birth rate
Think about the demographic transition and the migration transition!!! What other demographics can be indicators of development??

10. Where are MDCs and LDCs Distributed?
More developed regions
North America and Europe
Other MDCs with high HDI = Russia, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand
Less developed regions
Latin America = highest HDI among LDCs
Southwest Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia = similar HDI
South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa = low levels of development
What LDC regions are moving toward MDC lifestyles? Why?

11. More and Less Developed Regions: The North-South Split
Many of the world’s MDCs are in the Northern Hemisphere, while the Southern Hemisphere is predominantly occupied by LDCs and emerging economy countries. Is latitude a factor??

12. More and Less Developed Regions:
Scale makes a difference!
There are even different levels of development within countries..especially LDCs. Why do you think that is?

13. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?
Location on Earth?
Education?
War / Conflict?
Cultural Characteristics?
Anything else?????

14. Where Does Gender play a role?
Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)
Compares the level of women’s development with that of both sexes
Four measures (similar to HDI):
Per capita female incomes as a percentage of male per capita incomes
Number of females enrolled in school compared to the number of males
Percent of literate females to literate males
Life expectancy of females to males

15. Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)
Figure 9-17

16. Demographic Indicator of Gender Difference: Life Expectancy
Figure 9-21

17. Does Gender play a role? Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
Compares the decision-making capabilities of men and women in politics and economics
Uses economic and political indicators:
Per capita female incomes as a percentage of male per capita incomes
Percentage of technical and professional jobs held by women
Percentage of administrative jobs held by women
Percentage of women holding national office

18. Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
Figure 9-22

19. Economic Indicator of Empowerment: Professionals
Figure 9-23

20. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?
Structuralist Theories
Dependency Theory (colonization’s impact)
Immanuel Wallerstein’s Core-Periphery Model
Core, Periphery, Semi-Periphery
Liberal Theories
Walter Rostow’s Modernization Model
traditional society, preconditions for takeoff, takeoff, drive to maturity, high mass consumption

21. Core and Periphery Model
Figure 9-32

22. Progress Toward Development
Figure 9-26

23. How will LDCs overcome obstacles to Development?
Development through international trade
Rostow’s model of development (5 stages)
Traditional Society
Preconditions for take-off
Take-off
Drive to Maturity
Age of Mass Consumption

24. How will LDCs overcome obstacles to Development?
Development through international trade
Examples of international trade approach
The “four Asian dragons”
Petroleum-rich Arabian Peninsula states
Three major problems:
Uneven resource distribution
Increased dependence on MDCs
Market decline

25. How will LDCs overcome obstacles to Development?
International trade approach triumphs
The path most commonly selected by the end of the twentieth century
Countries convert because evidence indicates that international trade is the more effective path toward development
Example: India
World Trade Organization
Foreign direct investment

26. Triumph of International Trade Approach
Figure 9-28
Figure 9-27

27. Foreign Direct Investment
Figure 9-30

28. How will LDCs overcome obstacles to Development?
Development through self-sufficiency
Characteristics:
Pace of development = modest
Distribution of development = even
Barriers are established to protect local business
Three most common barriers = (1) tariffs, (2) quotas, and (3) restricting the number of importers
Two major problems with this approach:
Inefficient businesses are protected
A large bureaucracy is developed

29. How will LDCs overcome obstacles to Development?
Financing development
LDCs require money to fund development
Two sources of funds:
Loans
The World Bank and the IMF
Structural adjustment programs
Foreign direct investment from transnational corporations

30. Debt as a Percentage of Income
Figure 9-31

31. How will LDCs overcome obstacles to Development?
Fair trade approach
Products are made and traded in a way that protects workers and small businesses in LDCs
Two sets of standards
Fair trade producer standards
Fair trade worker standards
Producers and workers usually earn more
Consumers usually pay higher prices