1. ATOM : defined by number of p+ behavior described by n, e-
ION
loss/gain of e-
becomes charged
ISOTOPE
changed neutron
changed mass
OCTET RULE beyond He, filled orbit has is 8 e-
CHEM REVIEW
ATOM : defined by number of p+
behavior described by n, e-

2. VALENCE ELECTRONS the number in outer shell/orbit
determines if atom forms bonds with other atoms
OCTET RULE

3. VALENCE yields OXIDATION NUMBER
The number of electrons an atom will easily accept, donate or share
OCTET RULE

4. ELECTRONEGATIVITY (EN) how effectively an atom attracts e-
Highest = high proton #, few orbitals

5. when difference in EN is great
Metal to non-metal
Li is oxidized (Na+) Fl is reduced (Fl-)
a cation is produced an anion is produced
opposites attract = IONIC BOND
Metal with a nonmetal;
when difference in EN is great
Non-Metals

6. Non-metal to non-metal less difference in EN
COVALENT BONDING
atoms share e-
Non-metal to non-metal
less difference in EN
a stronger bond when in sol’n
vs_Covalent_Bonding.swf::Ionic%20vs.%20Covalent%20Bonding

7. NON-POLAR COVALENT
If EN are equal
then e- are shared evenly
If EN are not equal
but there is charge symmetry
3.44 : 3.44
3.44 : 2.55 : 3.44

8. POLAR COVALENT
less EN difference
lack charge symmetry
overall neutral charge
regions of partial opposite charges
2.20 : 3.98

9. WATER is a polar molecule

10. http://www. dynamicscience. com

11. Some large molecules
have both polar and
non-polar regions
…as in detergents
…and in the
phospholipids of the
plasma membrane

12. Brownian motion and diffusion review?