1. Ionic and Metallic Bonding
Chapter 7
Ionic and Metallic Bonding

2. Bonding--definition Bonding
attractive forces binding ‘atoms’ or ‘ions’ together to form a cpd (ionic and covalent)
attractive forces holding …… or

3. Compound Compound atoms of different elements join together chemically
totally different in chem properties from the elements ….
Elements form cpds to increase in stability
Electrically neutral
A + B → A-----B
bond
Elements
cpd
e.g Na Cl2 → NaCl

4. bonding Form cpds Pure metal Intermolecular forces Metallic Bond
Van der waals Forces
H bond
Ionic bond
Covalent bond
Ion-dipole
Dipole-dipole
London dispersion

5. 2 Types of Bonding—form cpds
Ionic bonding
transfer e- → cations and anions
Metal + nonmetal(s)
Form ionic cpds (e.g. NaCl)
2. Covalent bonding
share e- (no ions)
Nonmetals only; (e.g. CO2, H2O)
form covalent cpds (molecular cpds)

6. Compounds Covalent cpds or molecular cpd Ionic cpds Covalent bonds
formed by
formed by
Covalent bonds
Ionic bonds
Sharing e-
Transfer of e-
Metal + nonmetal(s)
nonmetals
e.g. MgO
e.g. H2O

7. 2 Types of Bonding— do not form cpds
*3. Metallic bonding
in metallic elements
does not form cpds.
*4. Hydrogen bonding
between H and O, N, or F atoms (among molecules)
does not form cpds

8. Valence e- Valence e- e- in the highest EL of an atoms.
# valence e- largely determines the chem properties of an element.

9. Valence e- # of valence e- in an atom of (a representative element)
= group # or the ones digit of the group #

10. Valence e-
7.1

11. The Octet Rule (1) The Octet Rule
Atoms of what type of elements tend to lose e-?
metals: groups 1A, 2A, 3A, B
Atoms of what type of elements tend to gain e- ?
Nonmetals: groups 5A, 6A, 7A

12. The Octet Rule (2)
In forming cpds, atoms tend to achieve the e- confign of a noble gas.

13. Ionic Bonding Ionic bonding transfer e- Metal + nonmetal(s)
Metals (1A, 2A, 3A, transition) lose e- to form …→ cations
Nonmetals (5A, 6A, 7A) gained e- to form …
cations and anions attract each other →
Ionic cpd

14. Ionic Bonding
Cation and anion attract each other by electrostatic force
ionic cpds [metal + nonmetal(s)]
e.g. Na → Na e- (loss)
Cl e- → Cl- (gain)
Na+ ~~ Cl-
Electrostatic attraction

15. Formation of Ionic Cpds
Formula Units (ionic cpds)
the lowest whole-# ratio of ions in an ionic cpd.
A chemical formula shows the kinds and #s of atoms in the smallest representative unit of a sub.
e.g. NaCl is a formula unit of sodium chloride—1 Na+ bonded to 1 Cl-

16. The Octet Rule (3) Losing valence e-
Atoms of metals tend to lose their valence e-
leaving a complete octet in the next-lower EL.
e .g. Na (1s22s22p63s1) loses 1 valence e leave a Ne e-confign (1s22s22p6)→ Na+
Neon e- confign

17. The Octet Rule (4) Gaining e-
Atoms of some non-metals tend to gain e- to achieve a complete octet.
e.g. Cl (1s22s22p6 3s23p5 )
achieve an e- confign of
Ar (Cl- 1s22s22p6 3s23p6 ) after gaining 1 e-
Ar e- confign

18. Formation of Cations An atom lost valence e- produces a cation (+ve).
e.g. Na → Na e-
Mg → Mg e-
e.g Al →
cations

19. Formation of Cations cations are produced by
the loss of valence e- from metal atoms.
The e- loss (ionization) of the Na atom
Ne e- confign

20. Formation of Cations
The e- confign of the Na+ is the same as that of a Ne atom.
Na+

21. Na+ and Ne Differences Similarity same e- configuration both octet Na+
charge
+ve charge
none
# p+ 11 10

22. Formation of Cations
1 unit of +ve charge
1 unit of –ve charge
Na ion

23. Formation of Cations
A Mg atom attains the e- confign of Ne by losing both valence e-.
The loss of valence e- produces a Mg cation (Mg2+) with a charge of 2+.
(2 units of –ve charge)
(2 units of +ve charge)

24. Formation of Cations
Cations of gp 1A
Cations of gp 2A elements 2+

25. A particle derived from an atom (nonmetals) or a group of atoms
Formation of Anions
The gain of e- by a neutral atom
→ an anion.
A particle derived from an atom (nonmetals) or a group of atoms
Carries -ve charge(s) after gaining e-.
many names of an anion ends in -ide.
e.g. oxide, chloride, fluoride, sulfide, nitride, iodide,

26. Formation of Anions H H- N N3- P P3- O O2- S S2- F F- Cl Cl- Br Br- I

27. Formation of Anions
A gain of 1 e- gives Cl an octet and converts a Cl atom into a chloride ion (Cl-).
the same e- confign as the noble gas Ar.

28. Formation of Anions
Both a Cl- and the Ar atom have an octet of e- in their highest occupied ELs.

29. Formation of Anions
In this eqn, each dot in the e- dot structure represents an e- in the valence shell in the e- confign diagram.
7 valence e-
Octet

30. Formation of Anions halide ions
ions produced when atoms of Cl and other halogens gain e-.
Fluorides (F-), chlorides, bromides, iodide
All halogen atoms need to gain only 1 e- to achieve the e- confign of a noble gas.

31. Formation of Anions
O is in Gp 6A.

32. Ionic Charges of Some Ions1+ 2+ 3+ 3- 2- 1- H+ H-
Li+
Be2+
N3-
O2- F-
Na+
Mg2+
Al 3+
P 3-
S2-
Cl- K+
Ca2+
Br-
Ag+
Ba2+ I-
Fe 2+
Fe 3+
Cu +
Cu 2+
Zn 2+
Pb2+
Pb4+

33. Anions in Binary Cpds 1- 2- 3- F- fluoride O2- oxide N3- nitride
Cl- chloride
S sulfide
P phosphide
Br- bromide
I iodide

34. Polyatomic Ions 1- 2- 3- OH- hydroxide CO32- carbonate PO43- phosphate
NO3- nitrate
SO sulfate
NO2- nitrite
SO sulfite
HCO hydrogen carbonate 1+
NH4+
Ammonium

35. Formation of Anions
7.1

36. Metal Ions with more than 1 Ionic Charges
Formula
Stock Name
Cu+
Copper (I) ion
Cu 2+
Copper (II) ion
Fe 2+
Iron (II) ion
Fe 3+
Iron (III) ion
Pb 2+
Lead (II) ion
Pb 4+
Lead (IV) ion
Cr 2+
Chromium (II) ion
Cr 3+
Chromium (III) ion
Mn 2+
Manganese (II) ion
Mn 4+
Manganese (IV) ion

37. Highly Unequal Sharing
Ionic Bond
e- transfer results in the formation of 1 +ve ion and 1 -ve ion.
Metal ~ nonmetal
The bond formed by the 2 oppositely charged ions.
Cation ~~anion
Electrostatic attraction

38. A Model of Bonding
By forming bonds, atoms acquire an octet of e- and the stable e- confign of a noble gas.
Atoms are often more stable when they’re bonded in cpds than when they’re free atoms.

39. Formation of Ionic Cpds
Ionic Bonds
The electrostatic forces that hold ions together in ionic cpds are called ionic bonds.

40. Physical Properties of
Ionic cpd
Covalent cpd
Example
NaCl
CO 2
State at room temperature
Crystalline solid
Solid, liquid or gas
Melting point
High
Low
Conduct electricity in liquid state
Yes No
Water solubility
Usually High
Conduct electricity in aq soln

41. Atomic View of Metallic Bonding
Each atom in this model of a Gp 2 metal releases its 2 valence e- into a sea of e- to be shared by all of the metal atoms.
Delocalized e- 

42. Sea of Valence e-
The valence e- of metal atoms are loosely held by the +vely charged nucleus.
In metallic bonding, metal atoms don't lose valence e-.
Not forming cpds

43. Sea of Valence e- metallic bond
Metal atoms release valence e- into a sea of e- shared by all of the metal atoms.
Attraction between e- sea and the metal atoms (cations)

44. Atomic View of Metallic Bonding
Bonding in metals is not rigid.
As a metal is struck by a
hammer, the atoms slide thru
the e- sea to new positions while
continuing to maintain their connections (bond) to each other.
The same ability to reorganize explains why metals …

45. Properties That Reflect Metallic Bonding
Conductors of electricity
the valence e- are freely moving and is charged.
Electric current is a flow of e-

46. Properties That Reflect Metallic Bonding
Metals and alloys are malleable
made into thin sheets

47. Properties That Reflect Metallic Bonding
Metals are Ductile
can be drawn into wires.

48. CST problem 1
When cations and anions join, they form what kind of chemical bond?
A ionic
B hydrogen
C metallic
D covalent

49. CST problem 2
The reason salt crystals, such as KCl, hold together so well is because the cations are strongly attracted to
A neighboring cations
B the protons in the neighboring nucleus
C free electrons in the crystals
D neighboring anions.

50. The End

51. Properties of Ionic Cpds
The coordination # of an ion
the # of ions of opposite charge that surround the ion in a crystal.
In NaCl, each ion has a coordination # of 6.

52. Properties of Ionic Cpds
In CsCl, each ion has a coordination # of 8.
In TiO2, each Ti4+ ion has a coordination # of 6, while each O2- ion has a coordination # of 3.

53. Formation of Ionic Cpds
NaCl is the chem formula for sodium chloride.

54. Properties of Ionic Cpds
Ionic cpds can conduct an electric current when melted or dissolved in water.