1. The Protestant Reformation

2. Long Term Causes of the Reformation

3. What was the Protestant Reformation?
Prior to the Reformation all Christians were Roman Catholic
The [REFORM]ation was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church
People like Martin Luther wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore the people’s faith in the church

4. Corruption In The Church

5. Basis of beliefs are the 7 Holy Sacraments:
The Catholic Church taught that people could gain access to heaven (called salvation) by having faith in God & doing good works for others
Basis of beliefs are the 7 Holy Sacraments:
Baptism, Communion, Confession, Confirmation, Marriage, Ordination of Priests, Last Rites for the Dying
By participating in each sacrament, gain more of God’s grace *

6. As a result, some clergy members were poorly educated
Clergy members took vows of chastity to abstain from sex…but some church leaders fathered children
The church was also growing corrupt
Simony
Priests were supposed to be educated but some church positions were sold to the highest bidder:
As a result, some clergy members were poorly educated
Lay Investiture
Feudal lords would have friends or children named as priests:

7. An indulgence is a person paying the church to be absolved of a sin
One of the most corrupt church practices was the selling of indulgences
An indulgence is a person paying the church to be absolved of a sin
These practices went unquestioned during the Middle Ages

8. By the time of the Renaissance, some Christians began criticizing church corruptions & questioned Catholic teachings
Christian humanists believed that they could help reform the Catholic Church *

9. Attempts at Reform

10. In the 1300s, Reformers like John Wycliffe & priest Jan Hus attacked corruptions like indulges, said that the Bible (not the Pope) was the ultimate authority on Christianity, & wanted church teachings in the vernacular (local language) not Latin *

11. Title
Catholic leaders responded to these criticisms by executing Wycliffe & Hus
Text *

12. As a result of Johann Gutenberg’s invention of the moveable-type printing press in 1453, Erasmus’ book spread throughout Europe & increased calls for church reform

13. The Protestant Reformation

14. The Protestant Reformation
By the early 1500s, the church was corrupt & unwilling to reform *

15. After studying the Bible as a monk, Luther became a priest & scholar
Martin Luther
After studying the Bible as a monk, Luther became a priest & scholar
During his studies of the Bible, Luther became convinced that salvation could not be achieved by good works
Martin Luther believed that salvation was gained only though having faith in God; He called this idea Justification by Faith
Martin Luther also opposed the selling of indulgences, which he saw as false salvation

16. In 1517, Martin Luther wrote a list of arguments against church practices called the “Ninety-Five Theses” *

17. But the Catholic Church condemned Luther & rejected his ideas
The “Ninety-Five Theses” spread quickly through Europe causing an incredible controversy
Many people, especially in Northern Europe, were excited about his ideas
But the Catholic Church condemned Luther & rejected his ideas

18. The Church demanded that Luther take back his teachings
In 1521, Luther was called before the Diet of Worms, a meeting of church & political leaders
The Church demanded that Luther take back his teachings
Luther refused, argued that the Bible was the only source of religious authority, & encouraged Christians to study the Bible for themselves
At the Diet of Worms, Martin Luther was excommunicated from the Catholic Church

19. Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther’s break from the Catholic Church began the Protestant Reformation & inspired a series of new Christian denominations
Protestant Reformation
Protest Reform
During the Protestant Reformation, reformers protested church corruptions & practices in hopes of reforming Christianity

20. Martin Luther’s stand against the Catholic Church led to the formation of a new Christian denomination known as Lutheranism
Lutheranism was the first of a series of “Protestant” Christian faiths that broke from the Catholic Church

21. During the Protestant Reformation, religious reformers called protestants broke from the Catholic Church & started new Christian denominations

22. Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther began the Reformation & believed in Justification by Faith
John Calvin believed in predestination & a strict code of living
Henry VIII, not the Pope, was the head of the Anglican Church

23. In the 1500s, the new protestant faiths spread, especially into northern Europe in areas away from the power of the Catholic Church
But, most Europeans, especially in Spain, France, Portugal, & Italy stayed with the Catholic Church which remained the largest religion in Europe but it had lost much of its power & influence

24. How did leaders of the Catholic Church respond to the Reformation?
Assume the role of a Catholic bishop attending the Council of Trent in & develop a response to the Reformation
Brainstorm solutions to this problem
Identify positive & negative consequences of each possible solution
Rank order your solutions
Be prepared to discuss

25. Counter Reformation

26. The Catholic Reformation
The response of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation became known as the Counter-Reformation (or the Catholic Reformation)

27. One of the first reformers in the Catholic Church was Ignatius of Loyola who formed the Society of Jesus in 1540
Members of the Society of Jesus were called Jesuits & focused on three goals:
1. Formed schools to better educate Catholic priests
2. Tried to stop the spread of Protestantism
For the next 18 years, Ignatius gathered followers. In 1540, the pope created a religious order for his followers called the Society of Jesus. Members were called Jesuits (JEHZH•u•ihts). The Jesuits focused on three activities. First, they founded superb schools throughout Europe. Jesuit teachers were well-trained in both classical studies and theology. The Jesuits’ second mission was to convert non-Christians to Catholicism. So, they sent out missionaries around the world. Their third goal was to stop the spread of Protestantism. The zeal of the Jesuits overcame the drift toward Protestantism in Poland and southern Germany.
3. Sent missionaries around the world to convert non-Christians to Catholicism

28. Over the next 18 years, the Council of Trent made a series of reforms
In 1545, Pope Paul III created a committee of Catholic leaders to review church practices, known as the Council of Trent
Over the next 18 years, the Council of Trent made a series of reforms
The Catholic Church stopped selling false indulgences
New schools were created to educate priests
The nineteenth ecumenical council opened at Trent on 13 December, 1545, and closed there on 4 December, Its main object was the definitive determination of the doctrines of the Church in answer to the heresies of the Protestants; a further object was the execution of a thorough reform of the inner life of the Church by removing the numerous abuses that had developed in it.
Two popes took the lead in reforming the Catholic Church. Paul III, pope from 1534 to 1549, took four important steps. First, he directed a council of cardinals to investigate indulgence selling and other abuses in the Church. Second, he approved the Jesuit order. Third, he used the Inquisition to seek out heresy in papal territory. Fourth, and most important, he called a council of Church leaders to meet in Trent, in northern Italy. From 1545 to 1563, at the Council of Trent, Catholic bishops and cardinals agreed on several doctrines:
• The Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final. Any Christian who substituted his or her own interpretation was a heretic.
• Christians needed faith and good works for salvation. They were not saved by faith alone, as Luther argued.
• The Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life.
• Indulgences were valid expressions of faith. But the false selling of indulgences was banned. The next pope, Paul IV, vigorously carried out the council’s decrees. In 1559, he had officials draw up a list of books considered dangerous to the Catholic faith. This list was known as the Index of Forbidden Books. Catholic bishops throughout Europe were ordered to gather up the offensive books (including Protestant Bibles) and burn them in bonfires. In Venice alone, followers burned 10,000 books in one day.

29. Salvation is gained through faith in God & good works
The Council of Trent also reaffirmed several core Catholic beliefs & practices
Salvation is gained through faith in God & good works
All seven Holy Sacraments are legitimate means to gain God’s grace
Two popes took the lead in reforming the Catholic Church. Paul III, pope from 1534 to 1549, took four important steps. First, he directed a council of cardinals to investigate indulgence selling and other abuses in the Church. Second, he approved the Jesuit order. Third, he used the Inquisition to seek out heresy in papal territory. Fourth, and most important, he called a council of Church leaders to meet in Trent, in northern Italy. From 1545 to 1563, at the Council of Trent, Catholic bishops and cardinals agreed on several doctrines:
• The Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final. Any Christian who substituted his or her own interpretation was a heretic.
• Christians needed faith and good works for salvation. They were not saved by faith alone, as Luther argued.
• The Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life.
• Indulgences were valid expressions of faith. But the false selling of indulgences was banned. The next pope, Paul IV, vigorously carried out the council’s decrees. In 1559, he had officials draw up a list of books considered dangerous to the Catholic faith. This list was known as the Index of Forbidden Books. Catholic bishops throughout Europe were ordered to gather up the offensive books (including Protestant Bibles) and burn them in bonfires. In Venice alone, followers burned 10,000 books in one day.
The Church’s interpretation of the Bible is final & all others who interpret the Bible are heretics (non-believers)

30. To enforce these beliefs, the Church used the Inquisition to accuse, hold trials, & punish heretics

31. The Church banned & burned all offensive books, including Protestant bibles

32. The Impact of the Reformation
The Protestant Reformation left Europe religiously divided
Numerous religious wars were fought between Catholics & Protestants
The weakened authority of the Pope helped kings gain power & form nations
Religious and Social Effects of the Reformation Despite
religious wars and persecutions, Protestant churches flourished
and new denominations developed. The Roman Catholic Church itself became more unified as a result of the reforms started at the Council of Trent. Both Catholics and Protestants gave more emphasis to the role of education in promoting their beliefs. This led to the founding of parish schools and new colleges and universities throughout Europe. Some women reformers had hoped to see the status of women in the church and society improve as a result of the Reformation. But it remained much the same both under Protestantism and Roman Catholicism. Women were still mainly limited to the concerns of home and family.
Political Effects of the Reformation As the Catholic
Church’s moral and political authority declined, individual
monarchs and states gained power. This led to the development
of modern nation-states. In the 1600s, rulers of nation-states
would seek more power for themselves and their
countries through warfare, exploration, and expansion.
The Reformation’s questioning of beliefs and authority also
laid the groundwork for the Enlightenment. As you will read
in Chapter 22, this intellectual movement would sweep Europe
in the late 18th century. It led some to reject all religions and
others to call for the overthrow of existing governments.
Missionaries converted non-Christians throughout the world
The Reformation encouraged education & the questioning of long-held beliefs

33. The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648)

34. The French Civil War There were two sides:
Guise family led Catholics in North
Bourbon family led Huguenots in South
Fighting for the royal inheritance
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
August 24, 1572
20,000 Huguenots were killed
Henri of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived

35. Henry IV of France Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598:
Granted religious rights to Huguenots
Did not grant religious freedom for all

36. The Thirty Years
War ( )

38. Characteristics of the Thirty Years War
The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground.
At the beginning  it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants.
At the end  it was Habsburg power that was threatened (Hapsburgs were the ruling family of Spain and Austria.)
Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 which stated that the citizens of a country must follow the religion of its monarch.