1. Reformation
Unit Eight – Part Two

2. Reformation Begins
Section One

3. Martin Luther Born in Germany Became a monk and a teacher
Believed that faith alone was the key to salvation
Did not want to lead religious revolution

4. 95 Theses Catholic Church sold indulgences
INDULGENCE: pardon from the church that released a sinner from penalty for sin
In 1517, a friar named Johann Tetzel was selling indulgences with the impression it would help get people into heaven
Luther wrote his 95 Theses attacking the pardon-merchants and posted them on the church door
Actions began the Reformation
REFORMATION: movement for religious reform
Led to the founding of Christian churches that did not accept the authority of the pope

5. Luther’s Teachings Luther’s teachings rested on 3 main ideas:
People could win salvation only by faith;
All church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the bible; and,
All people with faith were equal – priests did not need to interpret the bible.

6. Response to Luther Luther’s ideas spread quickly
Pope excommunicated Luther
Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, declared him an outlaw and heretic
While in hiding, Luther translated the New Testament into German
By 1522, Luther and followers had become a separate religious group – known as Lutherans

7. Luther’s Ideas in Society
Some began to apply Luther’s ideas to society
Peasants demanded an end to serfdom and revolted
Revolt horrified Luther
Many rejected Luther’s religious leadership after the revolt

8. Protestantism Northern German princes supported Lutheranism
In 1529 German princes loyal to the pope agreed to join against Luther
Princes who supported Luther signed a protest against that agreement
Protesting princes became known as Protestants
PROTESTANT: all Christians who belong to non-Catholic churches

9. Reformation Spreads
Section Two

10. English Beginnings King Henry VIII of England does not have an heir
He and his wife, Catherine of Aragon, only have 1 child –Mary
Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine and remarry
Church did not allow divorce
Henry asked Pope to annul his marriage, but Pope said no
ANNUL: set aside

11. Reformation Parliament
Henry asked Parliament to end Pope’s power in England
In 1533, Henry VIII secretly married Anne Boleyn
Parliament approved the Act of Supremacy
ACT OF SUPREMACY: asked people to take oath accepting Henry as official head of England’s Church

12. Consequences of Change
Anne Boleyn gave birth to a daughter, Elizabeth
Boleyn was charged with treason, imprisoned and then beheaded
In 1536, Henry VIII married his 3rd wife, Jane Seymour
Jane Seymour gave birth to a son, Edward, in 1537, but died 2 weeks later
Henry married 3 more times but had no more children

13. Henry’s Heirs After Henry’s death in 1547, each of 3 children ruled
Edward ruled 1547 to 1553
Mary took the throne in 1553 and returned England to Catholic rule
Mary executed many Protestants
Known as “Bloody Mary”
Elizabeth began her reign in 1558 when Mary died and would rule until 1603

14. Queen Elizabeth I Returns England to Protestantism
Parliament officially created Anglican Church
ANGLICAN CHURCH: Church of England
In the Anglican Church, priests can marry and services are in English
Elizabeth brought a level of religious peace to England

15. The Reformation Continues
Section Three

16. John Calvin Born in France in 1509
Believed that men and women were sinful by nature and that God only saves some people
PREDESTINATION: doctrine that God pre-decides who will be saved
CALVINISM: religion based on John Calvin’s teachings

17. Calvinism Spreads
Calvin believed that the ideal government was a theocracy
THEOCRACY: gov’t controlled by religious leaders
Calvin and his followers ruled Geneva, Switzerland
In 1559, John Knox brought Calvin’s ideas to Scotland
Followers of Knox became known as Presbyterians
In France, Calvin’s followers were known as Huguenots

18. Other Reformers
New Protestant groups formed over differences in belief
Anabaptists only baptized those old enough to decide on their own to be Christian
Women played a key role early in the movement
As the organizations became more formal, women’s roles were limited

19. Catholic Reformation
Millions of Catholics worked to reform the Catholic Church
Ignatius of Loyola was a great reformer
In 1540, the pope made Ignatius’s followers into a religious order called the Society of Jesus
JESUITS: members of the Society of Jesus
Jesuits worked to reform

20. Legacy of the Reformation
Protestant churches flourished
Religion no longer united Europe
As Church’s power declined, individual monarchs and states gained power
Way was paved for modern nation-states
Through its political and social effects, Reformation helped set the stage for the modern world