1. Manipulating an organism’s genome using biotechnology
Genetic Engineering
Manipulating an organism’s genome using biotechnology

2. Transgenic Organisms
Organisms with altered genomes through biotechnology
Microorganisms
Insulin production
Clotting Factors
Plants (Genetically Modified Organisms or GMOs)
Insect resistant
Weather Resistant
Animals
Agriculture
Medicine
Commercial
Fastfoward video to 5:15 or so….it will progress to the continuation of the video-watch until about 7 minutes in on the second video

3. Making an exact genetic copy of an organism
Cloning
Making an exact genetic copy of an organism
Why clone?
Medical purposes
Reviving extinct or endangered organisms
Pet trade
Under “Organism” is a link to clone a mouse
Video link on pet trade at 24:12- 40:45 this will cover 1, 2, & 3 on this slide.

4. Cells that can divide and differentiate into diverse specialized cells
Stem Cells
Cells that can divide and differentiate into diverse specialized cells
Why study stem cells?
They are unspecialized & can reproduce (mitosis)
2. They can be induced to become specific cells with specific functions.
Great info:
Link to new stem cell developments
Two types:
Embryonic
Adult

5. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
CRISPR
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
Gene editing mechanism
Idea from how bacteria fight viral infections
Three Part System:
Cas9 enzyme – molecular scissors
RNA sequence – directs enzyme to specific sequence to cut
New DNA sequence to insert is introduced
After cut, the cell frantically tries to repair DNA so giving it the instructions to change is easy

6. CRISPR Benefits Disadvantages Already been done:
Technology – cheap & user friendly
Cure disease
Study genome (98% non protein coding)
Disadvantages
Designer babies?
Already been done:
Monkeys with mutations to prevent HIV
Child cured of leukemia
Malaria resistant mosquitos

7. DNA Fingerprinting
A method of isolating and making images of a person’s unique DNA sequence
Process: Gel Electrophoresis
with help from restriction enzymes
Restriction enzymes cut DNA at certain base sequences…..everyone (except identical twins) will have different size segments
We use “junk” DNA – the part of our sequences that are different
Gel Electrophoresis link to DNA fingerprinting interactive

8. DNA Fingerprints
1st – identical vs fraternal twins