1. Fundamentals of Banking
Rothbard on banking types
Asymmetric Information & Banking
ECO Money & Banking Dr. D. Foster

2. Rothbard – Loan Banking
Banks as intermediaries for lending
Funds come from investors (savers).
Counts as bank “equity.”
Rothbard Bank example…
MS is unaffected by bank’s actions.
The funds will always end up in someone’s pocket!
They cannot be inflationary!
Grow by selling bonds and CDs.
Borrowed funds.
Examples …

3. Rothbard – Deposit Banking
Banks as warehouses
Convenient & safe place to store gold.
Ownership receipts issued.
Receipts are redeemable “on demand.”
Receipts start getting traded for one another.
Stored gold is a “bailment” not a loan.
Historically – goldsmiths.
Problem – nobody ever has to pick up the gold!
Unlike grain, the gold doesn’t get consumed.
Goldsmiths can print receipts and start lending!!

4. Rothbard – Fractional Reserve Banking
Modern banks serve both functions
Collect deposits & issue loans.
Courts have ruled deposits as bank debt.
Deposits are owned by the bank!
If 100% reserves, then no effect on MS.
With fractional reserves come trouble ...
Create money = inflation.
Banks are always “insolvent.” [Not bankrupt.]
Contraction of credit = recession/depression.
Bank notes gave way to Demand Deposits.

5. Direct & Indirect Finance
Most external financing is done through intermediaries.

6. Banks Reduce Transaction Costs
Banks reduce the cost of acquiring assets.
Many costs are fixed.
Bank assets are highly liquid.
Economies of scale.
e.g., using standard loan contracts as legal fees are averaged over many loans
Transactions costs are very low for lines of credit.

7. Adverse Selection
Those most eager to make a deal are the least desirable to the other party.
Bad risks want loans.
Firms with lots of risk want to sell bonds.
Risk drives up interest rate & drives out low risk borrowers.
If this problem persists …

8. Moral Hazard
Post-contractual change in behavior that puts other party at increased risk.
Will borrower really be prudent and repay?
Will company really be prudent and max. profits?
Does insurance reduce vigilance?
Markets cannot form if this persists.

9. Principal-Agent Problems
The action of the agent is contrary to the desires of the principal.
Workers shirk at their jobs.
Managers are also agents - they work for owners- shareholders.
Can bond-holders and stock-holders really monitor the firm?
Problems: Enron, Arthur Anderson

10. How do Banks Deal with Asymmetries?
Screen borrowers.
Avoids free rider problems with information.
Requirements for collateral and net worth.
Shifts risk to the borrower; avoids adverse selection.
Also, mitigates moral hazard.
Imposing covenants and monitoring.
Reduces moral hazard.
Variable interest rates and credit rationing.
Some tolerance for risk.
Should the government get involved with asymmetries?

11. Cases involving asymmetric information
Enron
-- Stock price: $83 Feb 2001; $0.21 Dec 2001
-- Business: trading energy futures
-- Overvalued assets; hid losses
-- Downfall took Arthur Andersen
-- Employee with 401k in Enron lose out
Bernie Madoff
-- Wall Street banker since 1960s
-- Prominent philanthropist
-- Client losses = $50 billion
-- “Ponzi” scheme began in 1991
-- “Model” unreplicated; targeted charities

12. Fundamentals of Banking
Rothbard on banking types
Asymmetric Information & Banking
ECO Money & Banking Dr. D. Foster