1. Blood

2. Physical Characteristics
Color depends on oxygen content
8% of body weight
4 - 5 L in females, L in males
pH – slightly alkaline (7.35 – 7.45)
About 100.4° F
With O2
Without O2

3. What Is It?

4. What Is It? 55% plasma Plasma is 90% water – solvent, heat absorber
Plasma proteins
Albumin – osmotic balance, pH buffering
Fibrinogen – blood clotting
Globulins – defense (antibodies), lipid transport
Salts (electrolytes) – osmotic balance, pH buffering

5. What Is It? 45% formed elements (living cells)
Buffy coat = less than 1%
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Platelets
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
More than 99%
Percentage of total blood volume = hematocrit

7. Erythrocytes Transport oxygen to cells
Tiny million /mm3 of blood
Produced in bone marrow
Life span is days
Biconcave (Why?)
Anucleate
No organelles (How do they get energy?)

8. Erythrocytes 97% of solid material is hemoglobin
Anemia – reduced oxygen levels
low # of erythrocytes
low amounts of hemoglobin
Sickle-cell anemia
Mutation in hemoglobin gene
Reduced malaria risk

9. Normal vs. Iron Deficiency Anemia

10. Normal vs. Sickle Cell Anemia

11. Leukocytes Defend against disease Produced in bone marrow
Perform diapedesis

12. Types of Leukocytes Granulocytes – contain granules Neutrophils
Most numerous WBC (~60%)
Multi-lobed nucleus & pale granules
Kill bacteria
Eosinophils
Bi-lobed nucleus, reddish granules
Kill parasitic worms
Basophils
Bluish granules
Inflammatory response

13. Types of Leukocytes Agranulocytes – lack granules Monocytes
Lymphocytes
About 30% WBC
One large nucleus
2 Types: T Cells & B Cells
Monocytes
Largest WBC with pale U-shaped nucleus
Become macrophages – “cell eaters”

14. Normal vs. Leukemia

15. Platelets
Small cell fragments
Responsible for blood clotting

16. Sketch & Label

17. Hemostasis – 3 Phases Phase One: Platelet plug formation
Damage to a blood vessel
Exposes collagen fibers
Chemicals attract more platelets
Platelets stick to collagen and release chemicals

18. Hemostasis – 3 Phases Phase Two: Vascular spasms
Platelets release serotonin, causing the blood vessel to spasm and narrow.
How is this helpful?

19. Hemostasis – 3 Phases Phase Three: Coagulation
A “clotting cascade” is triggered:
Damaged tissues release TF (tissue factor)
TF combines with vitamins, ions and clotting factors in the plasma and platelet plug to form prothrombin activator
Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin in plasma to thrombin
Thrombin joins together soluble fibrinogen proteins into long insoluble molecules of fibrin

20. (clotting proteins, Vitamin K, calcium) Platelet Plug (PF3)
Tissue Damage
(TF)
Factors in blood
(clotting proteins, Vitamin K, calcium)
Platelet Plug
(PF3)
Prothrombin Activator
Prothrombin
Thrombin
Fibrinogen
(soluble)
Fibrin
(insoluble)

21. Clotting Cascade (continued)
Fibrin traps red blood cells & contracts, squeezing out plasma & sealing blood vessels

22. Question to consider…
When you have an open wound, why should you apply gauze and pressure?

23. Disorders of Hemostasis
Hemophilia

24. Disorders of Hemostasis
Thrombus
Embolus

25. Blood Typing - Antigens

26. Blood Typing - Antibodies

27. To clarify…

28. Blood Typing - Agglutination

29. Blood Typing

30. Hematopoiesis Blood cell formation In red bone marrow Axial skeleton
Pelvic and pectoral girdles
Humerus & femur

31. Hemocytoblasts
Stem cells that make all formed elements

32. Erythropoiesis Red blood cell production 3 phases:
Ribosome synthesis – used to produce hemoglobin
Hemoglobin accumulates
Nucleus and organelles are ejected

33. Erythropoietin
Hormone that stimulates erythropoiesis; increases RBC production
Produced by the kidneys
Release controlled by negative feedback
The balance between RBC production and destruction is very important!! Why?

34. Events causing release of erythropoietin…
Decreased RBC count
Decreased availability of oxygen
Increased tissue demands for oxygen
What is the variable that is being monitored?

36. The Spleen Graveyard for RBC’s
Dying erythrocytes are engulfed and destroyed by macrophages
Hemoglobin gets reused
Why do erythrocytes
die of old age?

37. Questions for thought…
How would spending time on the upper slopes of K2 (at right) affect your body’s erythropoietin levels?
How would it affect your blood viscosity?

38. Questions for thought…
What changes would you expect to see in an athlete who trains at high altitudes?
Do you think these are a benefit or detriment to sea- level performance?

39. Questions for thought…
Blood-Doping – illegally boosting the number of RBCs in circulation in order to enhance athletic performance
Do you think this should be illegal?
How does it differ from high altitude training?