1. New Global connections
Topic 2
Vega

2. Topic 2.1 Europeans explore overseas Objectives
Identify the major causes of exploration
Analyze early Portuguese and Spanish exploration & Expansion
How the Portuguese established a foothold on Africa’s Coasts
Describe Europe’s search for a direct route to asia

3. Causes of Exploration
By 1400’s European demand for spices grew (cloves, cinnamon, & pepper)
Moluccas: island chain in present-day Indonesia
1st reason: Eliminate middlemen (Italians & Muslims) by finding direct route to riches (spices/gold)
2nd reason: Conversion/ Save souls in the name of Christianity
3rd reason: Adventure/ Curiosity (Renaissance)
4th reason: Better Technology (Astrolabe, compass, Caravel, and lateen masts)
Easiest way to remember this is the 3G’s: Gold, God, Glory

4. 1. Which was a cause of European Exploration?
A. a desire for direct access to spices
B. the need to reduce Europe’s population
C. the need to limit the growth of Arab empires
D. a desire for better fishing grounds

5. Portugal: the First to sea
Found great Promise in Africa (Prince Henry “The Navigator) and aimed to bypass the Mediterranean Sea to get to Indonesia
Gathered cartographers in Sagres to collect newest technology and improve maps and pushed into Africa
Began by sailing along the African coast and building forts for the purpose of trade and to mark progress (muskets, tools, cloth for ivory, gold, hides, slaves)
Eventually Bartholomeu Dias will sail around the cape of “Good Hope” (1488)
They will also conquer many east African coastal cities (Mombasa, Malindi) to control coastal trade
Vasco de Gama completes Portuguese mission by reaching Calicut (Spice Island) via Africa (1497)

6. 2. Portuguese explorers created a trading empire by?
A. Discovering a sea route around Africa to India
B. Negotiating agreements with local tribal leaders
C. Marrying local women and building settlements
D. Discovering new inland trading opportunities

7. Columbus & SPain
C. Columbus convinced Spanish monarchs Ferdinand & Isabella to sponsor a voyage by sailing west as a means to compete with Portugal
The purpose was simple help strengthen empire by finding new wealth
Oct 12, 1492 discovers the West Indies (island off the coast of Americas)
He will make 3 other trips each time exploring and inspiring others to further explore
Treaty of Tordesillas was signed in 1494 to keep peace between Spain & Portugal who both competed for the valuable trade routes (Line of demarcation)
Amerigo Vespucci (Americas)

9. 3. How did Spain benefit from the treaty of Tordesillas and Line of Demarcation?
A. Spain won exploration and trading rights over half of the non-European world
B. Portugal had to surrender its African forts.
C. Spain no longer had close ties to the Catholic Church
D. Spain gained territory in Europe

10. Alternate Routes of Competition
Europeans soon realized Americas blocked sea passage to India (Northwest Passage)
Verified by Vasco Nunez de Balboa who discovered the Pacific Ocean
Ferdinand Magellan navigated around South America and was the first to sail the Pacific/ he was later killed but his voyage was the first to circumnavigate the world
Other countries began to directly compete with Portugal in Africa (Dutch, French, English)
They settled outposts in Africa following the examples of Spain & Portugal
Example (Dutch/ Boers (Calvinists who settled in South Africa, Cape Town) killed Africans because they were inferior

12. 4. How did balboa’s discovery affect European exploration?
A. It encouraged explorers to seek a direct sea route to the Pacific and East Indies
B. It allowed explorers to form alliances with Native Americans groups in the Caribbean
C. It challenged explorers to find a shorter past the Cape of Good Hope to India
D. It discouraged explorers from searching for a northwest passage to the East Indies

13. 5. Which describes the main reason why European powers expanded their presence in Africa?
A. to explore African rivers and learn about African plants and animals
B. to cooperate with other European powers to spread Christianity throughout Africa
C. to expand their trade in Africa, the Indian Ocean, and India
D. to make agreements with African leaders to work and trade together with Arab traders

14. Europeans Gain Foothold in Asia
Topic 2.2
Summarize how Portugal built a trading empire in Southeast Asia
Analyze how the Dutch & Spanish gained dominance in Asia
Describe European Contacts with Ming and Qing China
Summarize Korean and Japanese attitudes toward contact with outside world