1. Introduction to Psychology
The Development of Psychological Approaches in History

2. Structuralism WILLIAM WUNDT (1832-1920)
Set up the first psychological laboratory in 1879 in Germany
Inner workings of the mind
Sensation
Perception
Attention
Introspection
Scientific methods to research
First time Psychology is considered a scientific discipline
G. Stanley Hall – 1st research lab, Johns Hopkins; 1st psychological journal; American Psychological Association

3. Functionalism WILLIAM JAMES (1842-1910) Adaptation to environment
Based on Darwin’s theory
Looks at the function rather than structure of consciousness
Development of children
Improving learning and education
Men vs. Women

4. Psychoanalysis SIGMUND FREUD (1865 - 1939)
Nervous problems which stemmed from unconscious mental forces and conflicts
New ideas about:
Motivation
Child development
Personality
Abnormal behaviour
Process of uncovering patients’ unconscious thoughts by uncovering their past
Karen Horney (1885 – 1952)
Feminine Psychology

5. Freudian Terminology
Subconscious – the part of the mind that influences actions without one’s full awareness
Ego – rational part of the mind or “reality principle”
Id – instinct or “pleasure principle”
Superego – moral part of the mind or “conscious”

6. Behaviourism JOHN WATSON (1878-1958) Only study what is observed
Mind cannot be observed, therefore study behaviour
Behaviour is the result of environmental stimuli
Ivan Pavlov – classical conditioning
B.F. Skinner – operant conditioning

7. Humanism ABRAHAM MASLOW (1908-1970)
Hierarchy of Needs
Reaction to dominance of Psychoanalytic and Behaviourist approaches in 1950s
Unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and potential for personal growth
Humans are not forced into action by drives or environment but can make choices

8. Cognitive ALBERT BANDURA (1925 - )
Study of mental processes involved in memory, learning and thinking
Began in late 19th century but really expanded in the 1950s
Recent studies looking at the brain and its processes

9. Psychology
“the science of mind and behaviour” “the way a person or group thinks” - Webster’s Dictionary “The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes, and the factors that influence these processes.” - Wayne Sproule, Our Social World

10. Sources
Sproule, Wayne. Our Social World: An Introduction to Anthropology, Psychology and Sociology. Toronto: Prentice Hall, 2001.
Weiten, Wayne and Doug McCann. Psychology: Themes and Variations. Toronto: Thomas Canada Limited, 2007.
Haskings-Winner, Jan. Social Science: An Introduction. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd, 2011.