1. All chemicals are made of atoms.

2. Water Life’s chemical reactions take place in water.
Makes up 70-90% of all living organisms.
Formula – H2O
Water dissolves things.

3. “Stuff” in Water Solvent – the liquid that dissolves things.
Solute – the solid that gets dissolved.
Solution – both a solvent and a solute mixed together.

4. Macromolecules
Macromolecules are large organic molecules. Made of monomers.
MONOMER- 1 unit (subunit)
POLYMER- multiple monomers chemically bonded.

5. Molecule Types C – H Organic Molecules Inorganic Molecules
Have carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms linked together.
EX: CH4
Inorganic Molecules
Don’t have both carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms linked together.
Ex: CO2, NaCl
C – H

7. Lipids Building blocks: Glycerol and Fatty acid chains. (C, H, O)
Twice as much energy and calories as carbs
Fatty Acid Chains

8. Examples- Lipids Wax (water proof covering for plants)
Oils (liquid at room temperature)
Mostly found in plants and fish
Energy storage
Fats (solid at room temperature)
Mostly found in animals
Cushions organs
Insulates from cold temperatures
think whale blubber
Steroids – cholesterol, sex hormones
Phospholipids – major component of cell membranes

9. Proteins Building blocks: AMINO ACIDS (C,H,O,N)
20 different amino acids exist for every living organism.
Involved in transporting molecules, chemical reactions (act as catalysts).
Sequence of A.A. determines protein’s shape and function
Examples:
* ENZYMES * Insulin * hemoglobin

10. Amino Acid Subunit NH2 = Amino group COOH = Carboxyl group
R = varies among
amino acids
20 different A.A. for all organisms.
Arrangement of A.A. makes different proteins.
AMINO GROUP
CARBOXYL
GROUP
R GROUP

12. Proteins are Multipurpose Molecules
Transport proteins
Moves substances (hemoglobin in red blood cells, cell membrane pumps)
Structural proteins
Build/support structures (hair, finger nails)
Immune System proteins
Protects from pathogens (skin, antibodies)
Contractile proteins
Control movement (muscle contraction)
Enzymes- Act as CATALYSTS
speed up reactions (digestive enzymes)
Hormone proteins
regulate processes (insulin regulates sugar)

14. Enzyme Video

15. ENZYMES Catalyst Can be reused!!!!
“-ASE”
Enzymes are very specific – they bind to reactants known as SUBSTRATES.
Substrates bind at a region known as the active site.
Enzymes are named after their substrates with an –ase added. Ex: Lactase is the enzyme that digests lactose. (ose means it is a carbohydrate)

16. Lock and Key model or
Substrate becomes a different molecule when enzyme binds to it!