1. Catalyst: Monday 11/4/13 – Environmental Science
Logon to your computer and open up a web browser (Internet Explorer or Chrome, etc.)
Go to:
For room number, type in: 66355
Answer the first question and WAIT quietly for further instructions.
While you wait, STUDY YOUR NOTES!!!
Place any late work in the bin within the first FIVE MINUTES.

2. Agenda 11/4/13 Catalyst Announcements
Posters – ALL written text must be written in your own words. Next time, no credit will be given. You may re-do the macromolecules poster or accept the grade you have.
Benchmark Exam tomorrow – place phones in book bags and have nothing else on you.
Benchmark Exam Strategies
Socrative Online Quiz Review
Topic Discussions as Needed
More Practice Questions
Creating Quick Study Sheets

3. Study Strategies Create Flash Cards
Find a partner and explain the whole process. Your partner must point out what you got wrong and repeat your explanation until it is 100% accurate.**
Create QuickStudy Sheets
Summarize large concepts into short phrases or words
Use flow charts, pictures, and other diagrams

4. REMEMBER
DO NOT GET BOGGED DOWN WITH THE DETAILS. BE FAMILIAR WITH THE TERMS AND IMPORTANT CONCEPTS.

5. Some Comments on the Benchmark Exam
I did NOT write this so some of the focus may be somewhat unpredictable.
Read the question VERY carefully. Most questions are written to confuse you.
Oftentimes you can find the right answer by simply reminding yourself “one of these is not like the other…”
If a choice has a word that looks unfamiliar, we probably never covered it and thus, is not the right answer.

6. Parts of sci. method Part #3: Form a Hypothesis (Prediction)
A hypothesis is a prediction about the outcome of an experiment.
A hypothesis is usually an “if-then” statement.
A hypothesis must be testable through an experiment.
If I do this, then this will happen
Example: If I chew 1 piece of big red and 1 piece of 5 gum and record the average size of bubble each produces after 3 trials, then 5 gum will produce the biggest bubble.

7. Parts of sci. method Part #3 continued: Form a Hypothesis
Dependent vs. independent variable
1. Dependent variable: (“the effect variable”)
It is what is being studied
it is what you measure and what is being affected (the effect).
2. Independent variable: (“the cause variable”)
It is what you are changing in the experiment
It is what is affecting the dependent variable

8. Parts of sci. method Qualitative Observation (QL)= descriptions
Part #5: Make Observations (Record Data)
Observations are things that you can see, hear, taste, smell and touch (the 5 senses).
Qualitative Observation (QL)= descriptions
Quantitative Observations (QN) = measurable things

9. Atoms Atoms are the basic unit of matter.

11. Solutions
A mixture is a combination of elements, molecules, or compounds that are not bonded chemically.
Solutions are mixtures in which all ingredients are equally distributed.
Mixtures can be solids, liquids, or gases.
Image - (Creative Commons licensed)
Geyser info source - National Park Service:
Blood, sea water, plant sap, and metal alloys, such as brass, are all solutions.

12. Macromolecules Large organic compounds that are essential to life
Proteins: Serve many functions; include enzymes
Nucleic Acids: Direct protein production; include DNA and RNA
Carbohydrates: Provide energy and structure; include sugars, starch, and cellulose
Lipids: Not soluble in water; many functions; include fats, waxes, and hormones

13. Acids, Bases, and pH
The separation of water molecules into ions causes solutions to be acidic, basic, or neutral.
The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a solution is.
pH of 7—Neutral: Equal concentrations of H+ and OH-
pH below 7—Acidic: Relatively high concentration of H+
pH above 7—Basic: Relatively high concentration of OH-

14. Underneath the mantle is the core
Underneath the mantle is the core. The outer core is made of molten metals such as iron and nickel that are almost as hot as the surface of the sun.

15. Plate Tectonics Crust and mantle are divided into:
Volcano lava
Crust and mantle are divided into:
Lithosphere: Crust and uppermost mantle; divided into tectonic plates
Asthenosphere: Soft middle mantle; heated by outer core
Lower mantle: Solid rock
Convection currents in the asthenosphere move tectonic plates.
Collisions and separations of the plates result in landforms.

16. Tectonic Plates There are three major types of plate boundaries:
Divergent
Transform
Convergent

17. Plate Boundaries
The Earth’s crust is broken into multiple plates. This image shows all of the plates. The red arrows indicate the direction the plates are moving relative to each other. Click on the next slide and another image will fade in that shows the different types of boundaries.
Plate Boundaries:
Divergent Boundary: Place where two plates pull apart.
Convergent Boundary: Place where two plates come together.
Transform Boundary: Place where two plates slide past each other.
Image source:

18. Earth Model \
Powerpoint for day 4 of Earth Model activity. Plate Tectonics. Image shows some of the plate boundaries and resulting geologic process such as volcanoes.
Image source:

19. Seafloor Spreading and Subduction
Movie Source:
This movie shows the process of convection in the mantle which drives crustal plate movement.
The movie will play when it is clicked. You can set the movie to loop if desired.
Things to point out:
Where the hot material is rising to the crust seafloor spreading is occurring. Point out how you can trace the age of the new crust which is being created by seafloor spreading. This process forms long mountain chains underwater called Mid-Ocean Ridges.
As the crust ages and moves away from the spreading axis it eventually gets subducted under another plate. This process creates deep canyons called trenches. This is why there is not any oceanic crust older than 160 million years.
Where the plate is being subducted, it eventually gets melted and rises up through the overriding crust to form volcanoes.

20. Lesson 3.3 Earth’s Spheres
The Water Cycle

21. Phosphorus Cycle

22. Nitrogen Cycle

23. Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms use oxygen to release chemical energy of sugars and release water and carbon dioxide (CO2).

24. Cellular Respiration

25. Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy to chemical energy that are stored in the bonds of the sugars. The overall chemical reaction is: 6CO2 + 6H2O (+ light energy)  C6H12O6 + 6O2

27. Aquifer

28. Tragedy of the Commons

29. MORE FUN QUESTIONS!!!
SO MUCH FUN!!!!

30. 1. Consider the carbon cycle
1. Consider the carbon cycle. A person exhales a molecule of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. Where will the carbon atom most likely end up in?
a. Glucose in plant
b. Amino acid in chicken
c. Used up as fuel
d. Decomposed by bacteria into simpler substances

32. Which of the following is the best explanation for the trend in this country’s population?
More babies being born than usual
Laws protecting the right to have children
Bad health care and little to no net migration
Improved surgical procedures

33. Manny placed soil and water in a fish tank one day
Manny placed soil and water in a fish tank one day. The next day, he noticed water droplets on the side of the tank. The droplets indicated that the following occurred inside the tank:
a. evaporation and condensation
b. precipitation and runoff
c. run off and condensation
d. condensation and precipitation

34. Look at the figure above.
What gases are most likely represented by A? By B?

35. Which of the following types of molecules are primarily used for long-term energy storage?
a. lipids
b. disaccharides
c. DNA
d. proteins

36. What are proteins made out of?
A. water
B. fatty acids
C. amino acids
D lipids

37. Compare and contrast the masses of the three main subatomic particles.

38. Which is ordered from simplest to most complicated?
a. Organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
b. Biosphere, community, population, ecosystem, organism
c. Ecosystem, biosphere, community, organism, population
d. Organism, community, population, ecosystem, biosphere

39. What is part of the geosphere?

41. In the diagram above the Mid Atlantic Ridge is caused by
Divergent plate boundaries
Convergent plate boundaries
Transform plate boundaries
Atmospheric boundaries

43. What causes the movement of tectonic plates?
a. tidal motions in the hydrosphere
b. density differences in the troposphere
c. convection currents in the asthenosphere
d. solidification in the lithosphere

44. At what type of plate boundary should an earthquake cause the most damage?

45. 1) Suppose you want to know what kind of effects New Drug Z has on mice growth. Design an experiment to test the affect of a type of drug on mice growth.
State one hypothesis the experiment would test
What will the difference between the control group and the experimental group(s)?
What are the dependent variables? What are the independent variables?
Which variables should stay constant?

46. 1. What are the building blocks of starches. 2
1. What are the building blocks of starches? 2. What process occurs to create those starches? 3. How can starches be used by an organism to survive?

47. 3) Describe the Carbon Cycle.

48. Quick Study Sheet Atoms and Compounds pH Macromolecules
Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis
Biogeochemical Cycles
Parts of the Earth
Plate Tectonics
Different Spheres (Atmosphere, Lithosphere, Hydrosphere…)

49. Quick Sheet – Atoms and Compounds
Model of the atom
Properties of subatomic particles (mass, charge, location)
Electrons
Protons
Neutrons
Information from the Periodic Table
Atomic Number
Relative Atomic Mass Number
Compounds
Ionic vs. Covalent
Water and Hydrogen Bonding (cohesion, resistance to temperature etc.)