1. Chapter 16: Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Physical Science
Chapter 16: Solids, Liquids, and Gases

2. Kinetic Theory of Matter
(explanation of how particles in matter behave)
All matter is composed of small particles (atoms)
Particles are in constant, random motion.
Absolute zero: temperature at which all motion would stop, if it could be reached
0K, -273 C, -459 F
These particles are colliding with each other and the walls of their container. These collisions are perfectly elastic.

3. Think of it like a snowball
Think of it like a snowball. The more tightly you pack it, the more strongly the flakes (particles) are bonded together. Pack it loosely, and the flakes are more likely to fly apart (loosely bonded).

4. Also, particles vibrate more or move around more quickly if the matter is heated up. Conversely they also slow down as they are cooled.
Adding and removing heat is the #1 way to change a material from 1 state of matter to another. (we’ll talk about this later)

5. There are 4 different states of matter:
A. Solid
B. Liquid
C. Gas
D. Plasma

6. What is the relationship between the temperature of the particles and their rate of movement or vibration?

7. Solids Have a definite shape and a definite volume
Particles are tightly packed and are bonded together relatively strongly

8. Diamonds form under tremendous pressure, and therefore their particles (carbon atoms) are packed very tightly. This is one reason why diamonds are so hard.

9. Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
The particles of many solids are arranged in definite repeating patterns. These are called crystalline solids.
Gemstones, minerals like salt, and safety glass are all examples of crystalline solids. They have a predictable pattern of particles.

10. Amorphous solids have no definite structure or arrangement of their particles.
These materials will break in an unpredictable manner, with no pattern.
Examples include plastics, glass, and wax.

12. Liquids
Have a definite volume, but no definite shape (they take the shape of their container)
Particles move around freely within the liquid.

13. Viscosity in fluids
Viscosity is the property of a fluid which describes how well it will flow
Low viscosity flows easily, high viscosity is much thicker.

14. Gases
Gases have no definite volume and no definite shape (but do have mass). They simply take the shape of the container they are in.
Gas particles are very loosely bonded and move around freely.

15. Gases, unlike solids and liquids, are fairly easy to compress and also readily expand. That is why we say they have no definite volume.
Expansion and contraction of gases explains why warm air rises and cold air sinks.

16. Why does it hurt more to jump onto a water bed than on an air mattress?

20. Plasma, the 4th state of matter, is the most common state of matter in the universe. It is a gas-like mixture of positive and negatively charged particles.
These particles make plasma a high energy state of matter.

22. A plasma TV has a large number of tiny cells containing xenon and neon gases. When an electric current is passed through these individual cells, they give off energy which causes phosphors inside the cell to give off light. These tiny lights combine together to produce an image.

23. Changes of state
By adding or removing thermal energy from a sample of matter, it is often possible to cause it to change from one state of matter to another.

25. Melting and Freezing
Adding thermal energy can change some materials from a solid to a liquid (melting)
Removing thermal energy may change some materials from a liquid to a solid (freezing)

26. Let's say an ice storm knocks out your power so you light some candles.
As the melted wax drips off, it solidifies as it cools. Is this considered freezing?

27. Condensation & Evaporation
Changing a gas to a liquid is called condensation (loses heat)
Ex.: breathing on a cold window, warm air rising and forming clouds, droplets on a cold glass, dew

28. Evaporation is where a liquid changes to a gas (gains heat).
Ex.: steam rising from a hot liquid, sweat cooling your body, a steam locomotive

29. Is boiling the same as evaporation?
How do the bubbles magically appear in a pot of boiling water?

30. NO!
Evaporation happens only at the surface of a liquid and occurs at any temperature
Boiling happens throughout the bulk of a liquid, rising in a bubble to the surface. It only happens when the temperature is above the boiling point of that substance.

31. When a substance boils and matter is transformed from a liquid to a gas, this is called vaporization.

32. Sublimation Deposition
Changing a solid directly to a gas is called sublimation.
Examples: dry ice, frost on a window
Deposition
Changing a gas directly into a solid
Ex: snow and frost

34. This is why you don’t make dry ice bombs!

35. Phase Changes Changing from one state of matter to another.
Amount of heat in the substance determines the phase of matter it is in.
Substances can be made to change phases by adding or removing heat

36. 3 Phase Changes Solid to Liquid Liquid to Gas Solid to Gas
Melting point if adding heat
Freezing point if removing heat
Liquid to Gas
Boiling point if adding heat
Vaporization if adding heat
Evaporation at the surface of the liquid
Condensation if removing heat
Solid to Gas
Sublimation if adding heat
Deposition if removing heat

38. Behavior of Gases Pressure: the amount of force exerted by
the gas per unit of area
Pascal: (Pa) SI unit of pressure
1 Pascal = 1000 kPa (kilopascals)
Atmospheric pressure at sea level is kPa
Pressure, Temperature and Volume
“PTV card”
If volume increase, pressure decreases.
If volume decrease, pressure increases.