1. Unit 4 Earth Quakes
Tectonics NOTES

2. Harry Hess & the discovery of Plate Tectonics

3. Key Concepts & Questions
What is the driving force
behind crustal movement ?

4. Key Concepts & Questions
Convection
Currents
in the
Mantle

5. Heat from earth’s formation
Key Concepts & Questions
What provides the energy for this force?
radioactive decay
Heat from earth’s formation

6. Answer Regents question:

7. Key Concepts & Questions
What are the different types
of earthquake waves? And
how do they travel?

8. Key Concepts & Questions
p-waves
Travel
Through
Anything
primary waves
push-pull waves

9. Key Concepts & Questions
s-waves
Travels
Through
Solids Only
secondary waves
shear waves

10. Seismic waves are like two runners, 1 fast and one slow
Seismic waves are like two runners, 1 fast and one slow. The farther they run the farther apart the finish.
09:20
01:50

11. Key Concepts & Questions
Where can most earthquake epicenters and volcanoes be found?

12. The Ring of Fire
How does this compare
with page 5 of the ESRTs?

13. Key Concepts & Questions
at plate boundaries

14. VOCAB MAP On to more Regents questions:

15. What is the difference between an earthquake’s focus and epicenter?
The focus is where the earthquake occurs and the epicenter is the point on the surface above the focus.

16. Key Concepts & Questions
To find an earthquake’s epicenter a seismologist must have data from at least how many locations?

17. Key Concepts & Questionsx
Earthquake Epicenter
Attica, NY

18. At least three

19. Vocab Maps

20. I’ve got a fever for more Regent questions:

21. Key Concepts & Questions
How can scientists infer the properties of Earth’s interior?

22. by observing
earthquake waves

23. Key Concepts & Questions
How do scientists know that Earth’s inner core is solid?
How do scientists know that Earth’s outer core is liquid?

24. Seismic Waves
And
Shadow Zones

25. How do scientists know that Earth’s inner core is solid?
by the refraction
of P-waves

26. How do scientists know that Earth’s outer core is liquid?
S-waves disappear at the outer core

27. Earth’s Interior

31. Got to have those Regents questions:

32. What can people do to protect themselves during an earthquake?
Key Concepts & Questions
What can people do to protect themselves during an earthquake?

33. stand against interior wall
get under desk/table
stand against interior wall
stay away from windows

34. EARTHQUAKE
SAFETY

35. On to the next question:
JAPAN

36. What is the Richter Scale and how is it used?
Key Concepts & Questions
What is the Richter Scale and how is it used?

37. a measure of earthquake strength
RICHTER SCALE
a measure of earthquake strength
used to describe
expected damage

38. Seismograph

40. What is the Mercalli Scale and how is it used?
Key Concepts & Questions
What is the Mercalli Scale and how is it used?

41. a measure of earthquake damage
MERCALLI SCALE
a measure of earthquake damage
used to describe
observed damage

42. MERCALLI SCALE
I. Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions.
II. Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings.
III. Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings. Many people do not recognize it as an earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibrations similar to the passing of a truck. Duration estimated.
IV. Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day. At night, some awakened. Dishes, windows, doors disturbed; walls make cracking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking building. Standing motor cars rocked noticeably.
V. Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. Some dishes, windows broken. Unstable objects overturned. Pendulum clocks may stop.
VI. Felt by all, many frightened. Some heavy furniture moved; a few instances of fallen plaster. Damage slight.
VII. Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction; slight to moderate in well-built ordinary structures; considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed structures; some chimneys broken.
VIII. Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable damage in ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse. Damage great in poorly built structures. Fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned.
IX. Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well-designed frame structures thrown out of plumb. Damage great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off foundations.
X. Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and frame structures destroyed with foundations. Rails bent.
XI. Few, if any (masonry) structures remain standing. Bridges destroyed. Rails bent greatly.

44. New York’s Largest Earthquakes
1884 New York City, M 5.5
1929 Attica, M Massena, M Blue Mountain Lake, M 5.1
(M=Magnitude)

46. Largest Recorded Earthquakes1
Largest Recorded
Earthquakes
1960 Valdivia, Chile
1964 Prince William Sound, Alaska 9.2
2004 Indian Ocean, Sumatra 9.2
1952 Kamcharka, Russia 9.0
2011 Tohoku, Japan

47. Tsunami

48. Tsunami

49. Earth Quake Reference Table Questions

50. If a p-wave arrives five minutes before the s-wave arrives, how many kilometers from the epicenter is a location?
3600 km

51. If a p-wave arrives at 12:10:00 and the s-wave arrives at 12:16:20, how many kilometers from the epicenter is a location?
12:16:20
- 12:10:00
00:06:20
6 minutes, 20 seconds
4800 km

52. 9:00:20
:00
9:04:20
An earthquake epicenter is 2600 kilometers from a location. If the p-wave arrives at 9:00:20, what time will the s-wave arrive?
9:04:20
4 minutes

53. An earthquake epicenter is 5200 kilometers from a location
An earthquake epicenter is 5200 kilometers from a location. If the s- wave arrives at 1:20:20, what time did the p-wave arrive?
1:20:20
:00
1:13:20
7 minutes
1:13:20

54. If a p-wave arrives 6 mins after an earthquake occurs, how many kilometers is the location from the epicenter? How long after the p- wave arrives will the s-wave arrive?
3200 km
4:40 later

55. Plate Tectonics Tectonics NOTES ©Mark Place, 2009-2010

56. What is the Theory of Continental Drift?
Alfred Wegner, 1915
The continents were once a super-continent called Pangea
the continents are plowing through the ocean floors
---most people didn’t believe this

57. What evidence supports this theory?
Africa & South America look like they fit together
Similar rocks, fossils and glacial striations (scratches)

59. Answer the
next Regents
questions...

60. Plate Tectonics

61. What is the Theory of Plate Tectonics?
Earth’s crust is made up of plates that ride on top of the aesthenosphere.
The plates move due to convection currents in the mantle.

63. What evidence supports this theory?
Distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes
Sea-floor spreading

64. ESRT Page 5

66. Volcanoes

67. Volcanoes – cool video taken by crazy people.

69. Regents question...

70. How do oceanic and continental crust compare with regard to thickness and density?
(ESRTs
pg 10)
thickness
high
low
thin
thick

71. continental crust oceanic crust
What are the primary rocks which make up the continental and oceanic crusts?
continental crust
oceanic crust
Low-density, light-
colored, coarse-
grained, felsic, igneous
rock
High density, dark-
colored, fine-grained,
mafic igneous rock
granite
basalt

72. VOCAB MAPS
Then on to the
next questions...

73. What are these types of plate boundaries?
What are the key
characteristics for each?
Give an example of where each can be found.

74. oceanic-continental convergent boundary
trenches, volcanoes, deep earthquakes
Peru-Chile Trench

75. continental-continental convergent boundary
mountain building
Himalayas

76. Convergent

77. transform fault
slide past one another
shallow earthquakes
San Andreas Fault

78. divergent plate boundary
new crust is made
Mid-Atlantic Ridge

79. What happens to the age of oceanic crust as distance increases from a ridge?

81. Explain how magnetic data can be used to show that oceanic crust is diverging at ridges. Use the diagram below to help explain your answer.
as new crust is made at ridges, the ferrous minerals (Fe) align according to where the magnetic poles are located
same pattern on opposite sides of the ridge
proves sea-floor spreading

83. VOCAB MAPS
DEFINE, DRAW

85. Hot Spot Volcano Animation