1. Objective: To analyze the importance of the Albany Plan of Union and the causes and effects of the French and Indian War.
Do Now: Which European countries were competing for land in North America?
- Great Britain
- France
- Spain

3. Albany Plan of Union
The Albany Plan of Union, proposed by Benjamin Franklin and Massachusetts governor Thomas Hutchinson, called for colonial unity in the face of the coming war with France.

4. The Grand Council would:
The Albany Plan of Union called for a Grand Council with representatives from each colony.
The Grand Council would:
- make laws
- raise taxes
- defend the colonies
None of the colonies approved the plan out of fear of losing power.
* The Albany Plan of Union set an example that would later be followed by such gatherings as the First and Second Continental Congress.

5. French and Indian War (1754 – 1763)
Causes: Britain began to compete with France over the fur trade in the Ohio Valley.

6. French and Indian War: Alliances

7. French and Indian War: Alliances
Alliance - a formal agreement by two or more nations to act together in a cause
• France, Spain (1762), Algonquins, and Hurons
• Great Britain and the Iroquois
versus

8. Braddock’s Road to Defeat Battle of the Wilderness-July, 1755

9. Braddock’s Famous Quote
During his meeting with General Braddock, Benjamin Franklin observed that Indians lying in ambush in the woods could pose a threat to troops marching in formation. Here is Braddock’s response:
“These savages may indeed be a formidable enemy to your raw American militia, but upon the King’s regular and disciplined troops, sir, it is impossible they should make any impression.”
In his autobiography Franklin stated: “The general was, I think, a brave man and might have made a figure as a good officer in some European war. But he had too much self-confidence, too high an opinion of the validity of regular troops, and too mean a one of both Americans and Indians.”

10. got us into this mess. Twenty two year old Lt. Col
got us into this mess! Twenty two year old Lt. Col. Washington and a group of Virginia militia sent to secure the area around Pittsburgh ambushed a small group of French soldiers, killing 10, including French officer Ensign Jumonville. They later build Fort Necessity, pictured above, to defend against the inevitable French attack.
"The volley fired by a young Virginian in the backwoods of America set the world on fire." British Statesman Horace Walpole

11. Washington Surrenders at Fort Necessity July 4, 1754
The Battle of
Great Meadows
Following the Jumonville Affair, Washington returned to Great Meadows to build Fort Necessity, where he was attacked by a force of Indians and French. Now Colonel Washington surrendered his force and signed the infamous surrender terms that stated that the British assassinated Jumonville.

12. The Fall of Quebec: Wolfe Seals The Fate of The French September 1759

13. The British Landing at Quebec What’s the problem?

14. A Tough Task
The task facing the British was daunting. Located high on a bluff above the swiftly flowing St. Lawrence, Québec appeared to be an unassailable fortress. The defenders, numbering more than 14,000 men, were confident that 100+ foot cliffs made it impossible for an invading army to make a direct assault, while rivers and tide flats made the approach from the east unlikely.
To guard against an overland advance at Beaufort, the north bank of the river, the French deployed the bulk of their force there, including the forces of the Marquis de Montcalm. Québec itself was defended by combined French regulars and Canadian militiamen.

17. The Fall of Quebec: September 1759
PATH

18. The great battle on the Plains of Abraham lasted only 30 minutes;
British ranks held firm in the face of a French advance. A devastating volley was fired when the British musketeers could see the whites of the French soldiers’ eyes. Huge numbers of men were mowed down and many others broke ranks and fled. A British counterattack quickly ended the battle. Both commanders were struck down; Wolfe lived long enough learn of his victory and Montcalm died from his wounds the next day.

19. The Death of General Wolfe by Benjamin West, 1770

20. With the additional French surrender to General Amherst at Montreal in 1760, the fate of the war was decided.

21. Prior to the French and Indian War After the French and Indian War

22. French and Indian War: Effects
The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1763, ending the war.
The Treaty of Paris
• Britain gained Canada and all of the French land east of the Mississippi River.
• Spain gained all of the French land west of the Mississippi River.
• Spain gave up Florida to Britain.

23. The big losers in the F & I? The Natives
WHY???

24. So an Ottawa Chief named Pontiac started a war to protect tribal interests. This struggle is known as Pontiac’s Rebellion.
Turning Point:The Battle of Bushy Run

25. Why Was the F & I War and Pontiac’s Rebellion So Important
Why Was the F & I War and Pontiac’s Rebellion So Important? (The “So What” Factor!)
The war provoked the Indians into Pontiac’s rebellion, which provoked George III to draw the Proclamation Line of 1763, which provoked American anger over access to the Ohio Valley.
England had fought four major wars here and abroad, and were deeply in debt- thus the taxes!
England sought to enforce long neglected trade laws, further irritating Americans.
(Dreaded Terms: Navigation Acts, salutary neglect, mercantilism, triangular trade)

26. Official and unofficial British treatment of its American subjects during the war was often viewed by the Americans as condescending and demeaning.
Daniel Morgan lashing
British arrogance
Lack of respect of major contribution of Americans to the effort
Lack of respect for American officers