1. Functional Groups Functional groups are
a characteristic feature of organic molecules that behave in a predictable, similar way.
composed of an atom or group of atoms.
groups that replace a hydrogen atom in the corresponding alkane.
a way to classify families of organic compounds.

2. Hydrocarbons Drugs Fire accelerants Petrol:
It is petroleum-derived, and consists mostly of aliphatic hydrocarbons enhanced with iso-octane or the aromatic hydrocarbons toluene and benzene to increase its octane rating.
Butane Gas:
consumed
from lighters
C4H10
Diesel:
Diesel is produced from oil and is a hydrocarbon mixture, obtained in the fractional distillation of crude oil between 200 °C and 350 °C at atmospheric pressure
Carbon tetrachloride:
Used for solvent abuse
CCl4
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3. Aromatic compounds Fire accelerants Drugs Explosives Dyes
Benzodiazepines:
Psychoactive drugs with varying hypnotic, sedative, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant and amnesic properties
Toluene
Benzene
Explosives
Dyes
Tri-Nitro Toluene (TNT)
Alizarin
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4. cyclic molecules

5. Nomenclature for Cyclic Alkanes
For compounds with a single ring, add the prefix “cyclo-” to the root name for the alkane comprising the ring.

6. Ethers Fire accelerants Drugs Dyes Codeine: Opiate alkaloid
Ethyl Ether - diethyl ether: flash point -45 degrees C; ignition temperature 180 degrees C; explosive limits 1.9% - 36%
Dyes
Rhodamine 123
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7. Ethers In an ether, an oxygen atom is bonded to two carbon atoms.
–C–O–C– .
has a common name that gives the alkyl names of the attached groups followed by ether.
Diethyl ether
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8. Ethers are named in two ways: the common naming system, and the IUPAC naming system
IUPAC Names: The carbon(s) attached to the oxygen atom are named as branches by adding the –oxy suffix to the stem name.

9. Ether Example
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH3
IUPAC Name: ethoxybutane

10. Ether Practice R-O_R
Draw the condensed structural formula of methoxy propane:

11. Ketones Fire accelerants Drugs Dyes Explosives Methcathinone:
2-(methylamino)-propiophenone.
Psychoactive stimulant. Addictive.
Can be smoked, injected, or taken orally .
Acetone:(Dimethyl ketone)
flash point -20 degrees C; ignition temperature degrees C; explosive limits 2.6%-13.0%
Explosives
Dyes
9,10-dioxoanthracene
ACETONE: precursor of TATP.
TATP: The synthesis of the explosive is made through oxidation of acetone using hydrogen peroxide
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12. 4. Ketones
In a ketone, the carbon of the carbonyl group is attached to two other carbon atoms.
Acetone
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13. IUPAC Names for Ketones
Replace -e with -one. Indicate the position of the carbonyl with a number.
Number the chain so that carbonyl carbon has the lowest number.
For cyclic ketones the carbonyl carbon is assigned the number =>
Chapter 18

14. Ketones Practice R-C-R
Draw the condensed structural formula for 3-pentanone

15. Examples
3-methyl-2-butanone
Chapter 18

16. Esters Fire accelerants Drugs Explosives
Biodiesel refers to a non-petroleum-based diesel fuel consisting of short chain alkyl (methyl or ethyl) esters
Explosives
Benzocaine (local anaesthetic) :
Benzocaine is often favoured by drug
dealers to bulk out their cocaine supplies.
while many dealers use the cheaper
paracetamol or corn flour, Benzocaine gives
a numbing effect (like purer cocaine
should have).
Dibutylphatalate:
Plasticizer used in explosives. Plasticizers
are additives that increase the plasticity or
fluidity.
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17. Esters Ester – a compound that has the following general formula:
Section 14.4

18. Names of esters end in –oate.
Naming
Names of esters end in –oate.
Named after alcohol & carboxylic acid from which they are derived. O
let’s name some esters! C
CH3
CH3
CH2 O
ethyl
ethanoate
‘let’s name some esters’ action button links to slide 10 – check notes on slide 10
this part comes from the alcohol & is named after it
this part from the acid and is named after it

19. In this version the acid part has been written first
Structural formulae
Although the previous structural formula are the clearest way of showing esters, they can draw out in a shortened form.
In this version the acid part has been written first
ethyl
ethanoate
Or… O
Either… O
CH3 C O
CH2
CH3
CH3
CH2 O C
CH3
Identify the group attached to the C=O – this is from the acid
The group attached to the –O- is from the alcohol.

20. Esters Practice R-O-C-R
Draw the condensed structure for butyl hexanoate

21. Wait! What’s that smell? ester fragrance ethyl methanoate raspberries
3-methylbutyl ethanoate
pears
ethyl 2-methylbutanoate
apples
phenylmethyl ethanoate
jasmine
Esters have strong, sweet smells.
Their bouquet is often floral or fruity.
This means they are used in food flavourings & perfumes.
Also, very good at dissolving organic compounds so often used as solvents.

22. Alcohols Fire accelerants Drugs Explosives Dyes
Ethyl Alcohol – Ethanol:
(C2H5OH), flash point 13 oC; ignition temp. 365 oC; explosive limits 3.5%-19.0%
4-hydroxybutanoic acid (GHB):
Date rape drug. GHB has been used in cases of drug-related sexual assault
Explosives
Dyes
Glycerol or glycerine:
Used as starting material for nitro-glycerine
BTTN :Military propellant for missiles: the mixture
can be made by co-nitration of butanetriol and
glycerol
Sudan Red G: It is considered carcinogenic and
genotoxic
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23. Alcohols An alcohol contains the hydroxyl (-OH) functional group.
(instead of an H in that place)
Ethanol
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24. Alcohols water alcohol phenol
An alcohol contains a hydroxyl group (—OH) attached to a carbon chain.
A phenol contains a hydroxyl group (—OH) attached to a benzene ring.
water alcohol phenol
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25. Naming Alcohols The names of alcohols
in IUPAC replace the -e with -ol.
with common names use the name of the alkyl group
followed by alcohol.
Formula IUPAC Common Name
CH4 methane
CH3─OH methanol methyl alcohol
CH3─CH3 ethane
CH3─CH2─OH ethanol ethyl alcohol

26. Aldehydes
Drugs
Dyes
Piperonal: Precursor of MDMA (Ecstasy: 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine)
4-amino-3-nitrobenzaldehyde: Hair dye
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27. Aldehydes
An aldehyde contains a carbonyl group (C=O), which is a carbon atom with a double bond to an oxygen atom.
formaldehyde
acetaldehyde
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28. Carboxylic acids Drugs
Benzoylecgonine (ecgonine benzoate) is the primary metabolite of cocaine. It is formed in the liver by the metabolism of cocaine
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29. Carboxylic Acids
Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl group, which is a carbonyl group attached to a hydroxyl group. O ║
— C—OH
Acetic acid
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30. Amides Dyes Drugs Yellow 13: pigment Fraud between drug dealers
Lidocaine is often added to cocaine as
a diluent because it numbs the gums when applied,
giving the impression of higher cocaine purity
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31. Amines Explosives Drugs Dyes
Ephedrine: found in cold remedies, but used to
Enhance performance. Overdose can lead to death.
Similar chemical structure than methamphetamine
Hexanitrodiphenylamine: 40% part of an
explosive called hexanite; rest 60% TNT.
Obsolete explosive from WWII
Dyes
Indigo: found in foodstuff and textiles
(jeans)
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32. Organic compounds with Carbon-Nitrogen bonds 1. Amines
In amines, the functional group is a nitrogen atom.
H H
C —N – H or C —N —C
Methyl amine
Dimethyl amine
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33. Naming simple amines Simple 1º amines are named as “alkylamine”
Examples:
methylamine CH3NH2
ethylamine CH3CH2NH2
butylamine CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2
Symmetrical 2º or 3º amines are named as “dialkylamine” or “trialkyamine”
diethylamine (CH3CH2)2NH;
trimethylamine (CH3)3N

34. Examples:
Amines are much more polar, than hydrocarbons, especially in acidic conditions

35. More biologically active amines…

36. Learning Check
Classify each of the following as: alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, amine or amide.
1) CH3─CH2─CH2─OH
2) CH3─O─CH2─CH3
3) CH3─CH2─NH2
O O
║ ║
4) CH3─C─OH 5) CH3─C─O─CH3
alcohol
ether
amine
ester
carboxylic acid