1. Philosophical and methodological problems of science and technique
Natalia Pogukaeva

2. Natural philosophy 1. Early Greek thinkers 2. Socrates 3. Plato
4. Aristotle

3. Word look
Worldview
German word Weltanschauung composed of Welt ('world') and Anschauung ('view' or 'outlook')
Comprehensive world view or worldview is the fundamental cognitive orientation of an individual or society encompassing the entirety of the individual's or society's knowledge and point of view.

4. Types of worldview
Myth
Religion
Philosophy

5. Myth
myth is a traditional story consisting of events that are ostensibly historical, though often supernatural, explaining the origins of a cultural practice or natural phenomenon.

6. Religion
Religion is any cultural system of designated behaviors and practices, world views, texts, sanctified places, ethics, or organizations, that relate humanity to the supernatural or transcendental.

7. The beginning of philosophy 7-5 cen. B.C.
Oriental philosophy
China India
Western philosophy
Ancient Greece

8. Characteristics Oriental philosophy Religion Ethics
Empirical knowledge outside the philosophy
Western philosophy
Outside the religion
Rationalism
Philosophy +scince

9. Until the 17 century science and
philosophy were not regarded as separate disciplines.

10. From 7th century B. C. up to the beginning of 6th century A. D
From 7th century B. C. up to the beginning of 6th century A. D. in Ancient Greece, there was a specific philosophical learning which combined the traditions of the East, Greek mythology, art and early sciences.
Now (from 6th 5th centuries B. C.) it became possible to identify a common base (for all different trends and schools of the ancient philosophy).

11. Natural philosophy
term used for the branch of philosophy that sought to understand the fundamental structure and nature of universe, whether by theoretical or experimental methods.

12. they were, in effect, the first Western scientists.
Early Greek thinkers
'pre-Socratics', who developed theories to explain the nature of things, based оn their observation of the natural world;
they were, in effect, the first Western scientists.

13. Pre_Soctatics
Socrates

14. Thales of Miletus (6th century ВСЕ)
is generally regarded as the first philosopher and scientist.
Не mistakenly thought that fundamental element was water.

15. Comment
Only оne oxygen atom separates Thales from modeгn physics, for we now consider all substances ultimately to be derived from hydrogen.

16. Heraclitus born c. 540 BC, , Ephesus, in Anatolia died c. 480
argued that everything is in a state of flux and that even those things that appear to be permanent are in fact subject to a process of change.
‘You cannot step into the same river twice’.

17. Heraclitus
In his cosmology fire forms the basic material principle of an universe.

18. Heraclitus
We live now in а world where most people take it for granted that everything from galaxies, stars and species to the cells that make up our bodies are in а constant process of change and development.
But Heraclitus came to this view by observation and logic, while those around him saw the created order as static.

19. Anaximander (circa 611-c. 547 bc)
inventing cartography
disciple and friend of Thales
Taught that
apeiron (Greek infinite)
held that all things eventually return to the element from which they originated.

20. Anaximenes (circa 570-500 bc), Ionian school
He held that air is the primary element to which everything else can be reduced.

21. Pythagoras (582?-500?bc)
Greek philosopher and mathematician, whose doctrines strongly influenced Plato.

22. Theory of numbers of the Pythagoreans
They cultivated the concept of number, which became for them the ultimate principle of all proportion, order, and harmony in the universe.
They believed that all things are numbers
«4» – agreement and friendship
«5» – wealth and welfare
«10» - the universe

23. The astronomy of the Pythagoreans
For they were the first to consider the earth as a globe revolving with the other planets around a central fire.

24. Leucippus and Democritus (from the 5th century ВСЕ) developed the theory (atomism) that all matter was comprised of very small particles separated by empty space.

25. Archimedes ( ВСЕ).
Не is perhaps best known for his bath, from which he leapt shouting 'Eureka! Eureka!'

26. His task was to find if а crown was made of pure gold or if it had been debased.
By observing how water was displaced as be got into his bath, be had а simple method of measuring volume - by measuring the volume of water displaced when the crown was immersed in а container full of water.

27. Notice the logic used by these early thinkers.
Тhay saw that а substance can take оn different forms - solid, liquid or gas, depending оn temperature (as when water boils or freezes) - and came to the general principle that the same atoms combine differently at different temperatures.  

28. In observing the world, looking for explanations for what they saw and moving from these to formulate general theories, these early philosophers were doing what we today recognize as science.
Тhay had intuition in plenty; what they lacked was anу systematic or experimental method.

29. Socrates born c. 470 BC, Athens died 399 BC, Athens

30. Socrates
philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy.
He is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of classical writers, especially the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon.

31. The Death of Socrates
Jacques-Louis David
1787

32. Detail from Socrates and Philosophy, tempera painting by Antonio Canova; in the Gipsoteca Canoviana, Possagno, Italy.

33. “School of Athens”: detail of Plato and Aristotle
Plato 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BCE)
Ancient Greek philosopher, the second of the great trio of ancient Greeks—Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle—who between them laid the philosophical foundations of Western culture.
“School of Athens”: detail of Plato and Aristotle

34. Building on the life and thought of Socrates, Plato developed a profound and wide-ranging system of philosophy.
His thought has logical, epistemological, and metaphysical aspects; but its underlying motivation is ethical.
Fundamentally Plato is a rationalist, devoted to the proposition that reason must be followed wherever it leads. Thus the core of Plato's philosophy is a rationalistic ethics.

35. Plato conversing with his pupils
Plato 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BCE)
Plato, who argued that the things we see and experience around us are merely copies of eternal but unseen realities.
Plato conversing with his pupils

36. Plato
I only know that this creature before me is а dog, because I have an intuition of 'dogginess' in general.

37. In his famous analogy of the cave (in The Republic), most people see nо more than fleeting images, shadows cast upon the back wall of а cave by аn unseen fire.
Only the philosopher turns to see beyond the fire, to objects themselves, and then, up through the mouth of the cave, to the light of the sun.

38. Comment
This view, which has been immensely influential in Western thought, tends to separate оf the mind from the physical world of experience.
It looks outside the world for its reason and its meaning, so that the things we see have less interest for us than do the theories we have of them.

39. Aristotle ( ВСЕ)
Argued that knowledge of the world comes through experience interpreted by reason; you need to examine phenomena, not turn away from them
classification
divided up living things into their various species and genera

40. Aristotle argued that а thing had four different causes:
Its material cause is the physical substance out of which it is made.
Its formal cause is its nature, shape or design – that which distinguishes а statue from the material block of marble from which it has been sculpted.
Its efficient cause is that which brought it about – our usual sense of the word 'cause'.
Its final cause is its purpose or intention.