1. Review Earth Science Midterm
Review Earth Science Midterm
MIDTERM- 1/22

2. Exam Format 65 questions 40- multiple choice
25 short answer questions (constructed response)

3. Earth Science Reference Tables
Provided for all students to use during the written exam
Be familiar with the ESRTs prior to exam
Some questions require the use of the ESRTs, while for other questions, the ESRTs may be helpful
Not all questions will prompt you to use the ESRTs

4. Tips for Multiple Choice Questions
Eliminate obvious distracters

5. Tips for Multiple Choice Questions
Just because a choice may have some truth, it does not mean that it answers the question

6. Tips for Multiple Choice Questions
Also…
Read all choices before answering a question
Skip over hard questions for later
Information in one part of the test may be helpful in other parts
Do not leave any answers blank -- if all else fails, guess

7. Constructed Response – Practice 1

8. Constructed Response – Practice 1

9. Constructed Response – Practice 1B A C

10. Constructed Response – Practice 1

11. Constructed Response – Practice 1
The water velocity decreases; or
The particles slow down and are deposited

12. Minerals
pg. 16 ESRTs
Mineral: naturally occurring substance with a unique crystalline structure and chemical composition
Identification based on:
Luster: metallic or non-metallic
Hardness: resistance to being scratched; measured on the Mohs scale
Cleavage or fracture: how the mineral breaks
Streak: colored powder, if any, left behind after mineral is rubbed on a surface
Acid test: bubbles result if calcium carbonate is present

13. Igneous Rocks
pg. 6 ESRTs
Igneous rock: formed from cooled and hardened magma (intrusive) or lava (extrusive)
Intrusive: formed inside earth
– coarse grained and large crystals (granite)
• Extrusive: formed outside earth
– glassy appearance (obsidian)
– vesicular: gas pockets (pumice)
– fine grained and small crystals (basalt)

14. Sedimentary Rocks
pg. 7 ESRTs
Sedimentary rock: generally formed from compaction and cementation of smaller rocks and/or sediments
Generally formed in aquatic environments
Key characteristics:
Visible sediments or pieces of other rocks
(such as sand, pebbles, silt, and cobbles)
Fossils may be present

15. Metamorphic Rocks
pg. 7 ESRTs
Metamorphic rock: formed when existing rocks undergo intense heat and pressure
Generally formed deep in lithosphere
Key characteristics:
Foliation: thin layering due to mineral alignment
Banding: type of foliation where minerals are separated into bands

16. Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift

17. 2. Plate Tectonics plates lithosphere sea floor sea floor continental
a. This is the basic idea that Earths crust is divided into a few large, thick ____________ which are large slabs of the lithosphere.
(1) Plates are part of the______________ move slowly and change in size.
(2) Plates may be:
(a) entirely ___________ rock
(b) both ____________ and _____________ rock
(c) entirely ______________ rock
plates
lithosphere
sea floor
sea floor
continental
continental

18. Inferred Properties of Earth’s Interior
pg. 10 ESRTs

19. pg. 10 ESRTs

20. Plate boundaries are geologically active with:
earthquakes
__________________
volcanoes
young mountain ranges
(Rocky Mountains, Himalayas)

21. A. ___________ Boundaries
Divergent

22. B. __________Boundaries
Transform
One plate slides _____________ past another.
Sites of shallow-focus earthquakes and less likely to have volcanic activity
Strike-slip motion is common.
No new surface is formed or consumed
Locations of transform motion.
horizontally
San Andreas Fault
a. _________________ in California (between the North
American Plate and the Pacific Plate)
b. At mid-ocean ridge _________________ (not plate boundaries)
fracture zones

23. Ocean-Continent Convergence

24. 3. Continent-Continent Convergence
collide
Two continents ___________.
Continents become welded together along a dipping ____________ zone.
A mountain belt forms at the interior of the new continent. Examples:
Himalayas between Eurasia and India
Appalachians - Formed when Pangaea collided with North America
suture

25. Earthquakes and Epicenters
Epicenter: location on earth’s surface directly above the focus (where the earthquake originates)
Distance to the epicenter can be determined if the travel times of the P- and S-waves are known
Lagtime: difference in travel time between the P- and S-waves

26. Earthquakes and Epicenters
lag time:
6 min

27. Earthquakes and Epicenters
pg. 11 ESRTs
Lag time:
6 minutes

28. Earthquakes and Epicenters
pg. 11 ESRTs
Lag time:
6 minutes

29. Earthquakes and Epicenters
pg. 11 ESRTs
Lag time:
6 minutes

30. Earthquakes and Epicenters
pg. 11 ESRTs
Lag time:
6 minutes
4,400 km

31. Earthquakes and Epicenters

32. Earthquakes and Epicenters
To locate the earthquake’s epicenter, a minimum of three seismic stations are needed
With one station, there are many possible epicenters
Station 1

33. Earthquakes and Epicenters
With two stations, there are only two possible epicenters
Station 2
Station 1

34. Earthquakes and Epicenters
With three stations, there is only one possible epicenters
Station 3
Station 2
Station 1

35. How to prepare for an earthquake

36. Tsunamis- waves produced from an undersea earthquake

37. How to prepare for a future tsunami

38. A. WEATHERING
1. The group of ______________processes that change the physical and chemical character of rock at or near Earth’s surface.
Weathering breaks rocks into smaller particles that are easily moved over Earth’s surface.
destructive

39. B. __________ Erosion picking up or physical removal
This is the ____________________________
or rock particles by an agent of erosion.
Agents of erosion include:
Gravity
Wind
Running Water (streams and glaciers)
Wave action
Most eroded rock particles are at least partially
_________________.
3. Rock can be eroded before it has weathered at all.
weathered

40. Rivers move a great deal of material
Rivers move a great deal of material. The faster the water moves, the larger material that can be carried down stream.

41. As time goes by, the stream erodes away the land and makes it flatter.
When the gradient is low, the shape of the stream changes and meanders form:
MEANDER

43. Contour lines showing head of the stream to the mouth of stream with delta
Velocity slows when entering a large body of water

44. Eventually all streams flow into the ocean
This part of a stream is called a DELTA
Eventually all streams flow into the ocean

45. Rate of change
Answer: .5 degrees
Celsius/hour