1. MATCHING
A) Ultimate source of energy for the Earth’s water cycle B) Precipitation C) Evaporation D) Water remains in ocean E)Condensation

2. A) 1 B) 4 C) 3 D) 5 E) 2

3. Freshwater Test Review
Chapters 9 and 10

4. Test Thursday
Flashcards of vocabulary from the unit study guide are due before you take the test on Thursday (you might want to have them out as we go through this review)
Remember that you need to review previous units (there will be about 10 review questions on the test)

5. Water Cycle – (Hydrologic Cycle)
The water cycle is the continuous movement of Earth’s water from the ocean to the atmosphere to the land and back to the ocean.

6. Running water is the most erosional force on Earth!
Water Cycle – (Hydrologic Cycle)
Running water is the most erosional force on Earth!

7. Water Cycle

8. The processes of the Water Cycle
Precipitation
Infiltration
Transpiration
Condensation
Evaporation

9. Precipitation Infiltration Runoff
rain, snow, sleet or hail from clouds onto Earth’s surface
Infiltration
downward movement of water through the pores and other spaces found in soil
Runoff
precipitation that flows over land into streams and rivers. This water usually enters oceans

10. Condensation Evaporation Transpiration
when water vapor cools and changes into water droplets that form clouds
Evaporation
when water from Earth’s surface changes into water vapor
Transpiration
evaporation of water from leaves of plants causing the uptake of water from roots in the soil

11. Watershed- A region of land where water flows down into a specified body of water, such as a river, lake, sea, or ocean.
Tributaries – streams that flow into other streams
A divide is a high land area that separates one watershed from another.

12. Where is most of Earth’s freshwater found?
Answer: Glaciers and Ice caps (almost 70% of all freshwater)

13. Rivers
Gradient- is the measure of the change in elevation of a river over a certain distance (slope). Gradient effects erosion rates

14. The River Mouth
Where the river meets the ocean or another large body of water
Headwaters – where water first accumulates to supply a stream

15. Rivers
The Amazon River is the largest river system in the world

16. Meandering Streams
A bend or curve in a stream channel caused by moving water is called a meander.
As a stream ages meanders get wider.

17. Oxbow Lake
Blocked off meander
Eventually dries up

18. DELTA
Forms when a fast moving stream or river enters a lake or an ocean
Alluvial Fan
Forms when a fast-moving mountain stream flows onto a flat plain

19. Floodplain Low, flat lands adjacent to water that periodically floods
Contain fertile soils good for farming

20. Artificial Levee
A manmade structure that prevents flood waters from damaging the surrounding area (buildings, homes, etc)

21. Stream Load vs. Bed Load
Stream Load contains dissolved material in solution and particles in suspension. Bed Load particles roll along the bottom.

22. Groundwater
The Zone of Saturation is the depth below the surface where groundwater completely fills all the pores
The Zone of Aeration - both air and water in pores
The water table is the upper boundary of the zone of saturation

23. Infiltration
Ground water depends upon the process of infiltration where the rain slowly seeps through the pores in the ground

24. The percentage of open space between individual rock particles in a rock layer is called porosity.

25. Permeability- The ability of rock or sediment to let fluids pass through its open spaces, or pores.
When water is unable to penetrate rock we call this type of rock or substance impermeable

26. Conditions that impact infiltration
Vegetation – slows down runoff
Rate of Precipitation – time for water to infiltrate
Soil Composition – large enough pores (spaces) with room for water
Slope – more erosion on steeper slopes

27. A Bit about Soil
Sand (coarse particle size), silt (medium), clay (very fine) and organic matter (humus)
Which soil type would drain the fastest? Why?

28. 1. Which column will drain the fastest?
2. Which column will drain the slowest?
Small Pebbles
Large Sand
Medium Sand
Large Silt

29. A rock layer that stores groundwater and allows the flow of water is called an aquifer.

30. US Water Use

31. Threats to Our Water Supply
Overuse: pumped out greater rate than the recharge rate

32. Discharge area: area where groundwater is leaving an aquifer
Recharge area: infiltrating rain, snowmelt or surface water enters and replenishes the ground water stores

33. Saltwater Intrusion
Groundwater pumping reduces freshwater flow towards coastal discharge areas, causing saltwater to be drawn toward the freshwater zones of the aquifer

34. Sinkholes
Subsidence: Sinking of land when groundwater is depleted

35. Water Pollution Polluted air Hazardous waste injection well
Pesticides and fertilizers
Deicing road salt
Coal strip mine runoff
Buried gasoline and solvent tanks
Gasoline station
Cesspool, septic tank
Pumping well
Water pumping well
Waste lagoon
Sewer
Landfill
Accidental spills
Leakage from faulty casing
Figure 20.11
Natural capital degradation: principal sources of groundwater contamination in the United States (Concept 20-3A). Another source is saltwater intrusion from excessive groundwater withdrawal in coastal areas. (Figure is not drawn to scale.) Question: What are three sources shown in this picture that might be affecting groundwater in your area?
Discharge
Unconfined freshwater aquifer
Confined aquifer
Confined freshwater aquifer
Groundwater flow
Fig , p. 542

36. Groundwater Contamination
When man-made products such as gasoline, oil, road salts and chemicals get into the groundwater and cause it to become unsafe for human use

37. Point and Nonpoint Sources
Urban streets
Suburban development
Wastewater treatment plant
Rural homes
Cropland
Factory
Animal feedlot
POINT SOURCES
Fig p. 494

38. Point vs Non-Point Pollution
Point-source – single identifiable source of pollution.
Oil refinery
wastewater discharge outlet
Single farm runoff
Sewer
Non-Point source– area source, not a single point.
Wind erosion of coal piles
Road runoff
Bacteria and nutrients from livestock and pet wastes

39. Free gasoline dissolves in groundwater (dissolved phase)
Leaking tank
Aquifer
Bedrock
Water table
Figure 20.12
Natural capital degradation: groundwater contamination from a leaking gasoline tank. As the contaminated water spreads from its source in a widening plume, it can be extracted by wells used to provide water for drinking and irrigation.
Groundwater flow
Free gasoline dissolves in groundwater (dissolved phase)
Gasoline leakage plume (liquid phase)
Migrating vapor phase
Water well
Contaminant plume moves with the groundwater
Fig , p. 543