1. The study of the forces that change the earth’s surface.
What is Geology?
The study of the forces that change the earth’s surface.

2. These forces can either build up (constructive) or wear down (destructive) the earth’s crust.

3. Forces that build up the earth.
Constructive forces
Forces that build up the earth.
Example: Volcanic eruptions
add new landmass

4. http://english. peopledaily. com. cn/200607/21/eng20060721_285295
Mayon volcano, Philippeans

5. http://top-10-list. org/2009/04/20/top-10-worst-volcanic-eruptions/ Mt
Mt. Krakatoa, Indionesia

6. Forces that wear away the earth’s surface.
Destructive forces
Forces that wear away the earth’s surface.
Example: Weathering and erosion
caused by wind or water.

7. Grand Canyon, USA

8. Main layers that make up Earth
1. Crust
2. Mantle
3. Outer Core
4. Inner Core

10. Earth’s Crust The layer of the earth that forms the outer “skin”
Includes both continental land and the ocean floor

11. Oceanic crust forms beneath the ocean and is made from…
BASALT

13. Continental crust forms above the ocean and is made mostly from …
GRANITE

15. Density and Thickness of Earth’s Crust
Continental crust is thicker but less dense than oceanic crust
Oceanic crust is thinner but more dense than continental crust

17. Earth’s Mantle A layer of hot rock material located beneath the crust.
More than 82% of Earth’s volume at about 2,900 km thick.
Divided into two main layers.
Upper mantle is made up of the lithosphere and asthenosphere
Lower mantle

18. The Lithosphere
A layer of rigid rock that includes all of the Crust and the upper portion of the Mantle.
It’s about 100 km thick

20. The Asthenosphere
A layer of solid rock that behaves like “plastic” (a flowing solid; gooey).
Found in the Mantle beneath the lithosphere.
The lithosphere floats on top of the asthenosphere.

22. Earth’s Core
The inner core and the outer core together make up the structure of the Earth’s core
Both the outer and inner cores are composed of iron and nickel
The outer core is liquid metal, and the inner core is solid metal

24. How do geologists know the structure inside the Earth?
Because the actual interior of Earth cannot be seen, geologists use indirect observations.

25. What is indirect evidence?
Indirect evidence is evidence that you get without actually seeing or touching the object you are studying.

26. Waves of energy generated by earthquakes.
What are seismic waves?
Waves of energy generated by earthquakes.

29. solid, rigid solid, plastic (gooey) rock solid, rigid liquid metal
Composition…
State of Matter…
solid, rigid
solid, plastic (gooey)
rock
solid, rigid
liquid
metal
solid, rigid

30. Write your summary!
A few sentences to summarize these notes