1. COURSE: AUDIO VIDEO ENGINNERING TV Transmitter and Receiver
COURSE CODE: 17537
Chapter
Name of the Topic
Hours
Marks
 1.
Hi Fi Audio Amplifier 07 12
 2.
CD player 05
 3.
TV Fundamentals 09 20
 4.
TV Transmitter and Receiver
 5.
Colour TV
 6.
Cable Television 06 16
TOTAL 48
100
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2. Learning Resources:
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3. COURSE: AUDIO VIDEO ENGINNERING CHAPTER : 3. TV Fundamentals
COURSE CODE: 17537
CHAPTER : 3. TV Fundamentals
Marks: 20 Marks.
Contents:
Basic fundamentals of colour & monochrome television.
Colour theory, Grass man’s law & colour mixing.
Composite Video Signal (CVS).
TV channel allocation for band I & band III.
12 November November 2018

4. Basic fundamentals of colour & monochrome television.
ASPECT RATIO: The aspect ratio of an image describes the proportional relationship between its width and its height.
TV Fundamentals
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5. Persistence of Vision Basic Concept Example IMAGE CONTINUITY:
TV Fundamentals
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6. Progressive Scanning: Interlace Scanning:
SCANNING: It is a process of converting image in to equivalent electrical signal.
Progressive Scanning:
Interlace Scanning:
TV Fundamentals
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7. Interlaced Scanning: ODD lines are scanned first
Then EVEN lines are scanned
TV Fundamentals
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8. Interlaced Scanning line details:
TV Fundamentals
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9. VERTICAL TRACE & RETRACE:
TV Fundamentals
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10. VERTICAL & HORIZONTAL TIME PERIOD:
TV Fundamentals
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11. Vertical resolution. The extent to which the scanning system is capable of resolving picture details in the vertical direction is referred to as its vertical resolution. the vertical resolution is a function of the scanning lines into which the picture is divided in the vertical plane.
The vertical resolution in the 625 lines system can then be expressed as
Vr = Na × k
where Vr is the vertical resolution expressed in number of lines,
Na is the active number of lines and
k is the resolution factor (also known as Kell factor ).
Assuming a reasonable value of k = 0.69,
Vr = 585 × 0.69 = 400 lines
TV Fundamentals
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12. Horizontal resolution
Horizontal resolution. The capability of the system to resolve maximum number of picture elements along the scanning lines determines horizontal resolution. This can be evaluated by vertical and horizontal resolution and as such the number of alternate black and white bars.
that should be considered is equal to
Na × aspect ratio = 585 × 4/3 = 780
Contrast. This is the difference in intensity between black and white parts of the picture over and above the brightness level.
Luminance or Brightness
This is the amount of light intensity as perceived by the eye regardless of the colour. In black and white pictures, better lighted parts have more luminance than the dark areas.
TV Fundamentals
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13. Hue Saturation Compatibility
This is the predominant spectral colour of the received light. Thus the colour of any object is distinguished by its hue or tint.
Saturation
This is the spectral purity of the colour light. Since single hue colours occur rarely alone, this indicates the amounts of other colours present. Thus saturation may be taken as an indication of how little the colour is diluted by white.
Compatibility
Compatibility implies that
The colour television signal must produce a normal black and white picture on a monochrome receiver without any modification of the receiver circuitry and
A colour receiver must be able to produce a black and white picture from a normal monochrome signal. This is referred to as reverse compatibility.
TV Fundamentals
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14. To achieve this, that is to make the system fully compatible the composite colour signal must meet the following requirements:
It should occupy the same bandwidth as the corresponding monochrome signal.
The location and spacing of picture and sound carrier frequencies should remain the same.
The colour signal should have the same luminance (brightness) information as would a monochrome signal, transmitting the same scene.
The composite colour signal should contain colour information together with the ancillary signals needed to allow this to be decoded.
The colour information should be carried in such a way that it does not affect the picture reproduced on the screen of a monochrome receiver.
The system must employ the same deflection frequencies and sync signals as used for monochrome transmission and reception.
TV Fundamentals
12 November November 2018

15. 3 to 8 times the picture height.
Viewing distance.
The viewing distance from the screen of the TV receiver should not be so large that the eye cannot resolve details of the picture.
The distance should also not be so small that picture elements become separately visible.
The above conditions are met when the vertical picture size subtends an angle of approximately 15° at the eye.
The distance also depends on habit, varies from person to person, and lies between
3 to 8 times the picture height.
Most people prefer a distance close to five times the picture height.
TV Fundamentals
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16. BOTH SIDEBAND contains same information
Vestigial sideband transmission:
LSB
USB
BOTH SIDEBAND contains same information
TV Fundamentals
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17. So the Bandwidth utilization will be more & there will be wastage of BANDWIDTH
To avoid dis…..
LSB
USB
Bandwidth saved
TV Fundamentals
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18. TV Fundamentals
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19. TV Fundamentals
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20. C.C.I.R. Standards for 625-B System
CCIR:- International Radio Consultative Committee
No. of lines per picture (frame)
Field frequency (Fields/second)
Interlace ratio, i.e., No. of fields/picture /1
Picture (frame) frequency, i.e., Pictures/second
Line frequency and tolerance in lines/second, ± 0.1%
(when operated non-synchronously)
Aspect Ratio (width/height) /3
Scanning sequence (i) Line : Left to right
(ii) Field : Top to bottom
TV Fundamentals
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21. Approximate gamma of picture signal 0.5
System capable of operating independently of power supply frequency YES
Approximate gamma of picture signal
Nominal video bandwidth, i.e., highest video modulating frequency (MHz)
Nominal Radio frequency bandwidth, i.e., channel bandwidth (MHz)
Sound carrier relative to vision carrier (MHz)
Sound carrier relative to nearest edge of channel (MHz) – 0.25
Nearest edge of channel relative to picture carrier (MHz) –1.25
Fully radiated sideband Upper
Nominal width of main sideband (upper) (MHz)
Width of end-slope of full (Main) sideband (MHz)
Nominal width of vestigial sideband (MHz)
Vestigial (attenuated) sideband Lower
Television Fundamentals
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22. Min : attenuation of vestigial sideband in dB, (at 1.25 MHz) 20 dB.
below the ideal demodulated curve) (at 4.43 MHz) 30 dB
Width of end-slope of attenuated (vestigial) sideband (MHz)
Synchronizing level as a percentage of peak carrier
Blanking level as percentage of peak carrier to 77.5
Difference between black and blanking level as a
percentage of peak carrier to 7
Peak white level as a percentage of peak carrier to 12.5
Type of sound modulation FM, ± 50 KHz
Pre-emphasis μs
Resolution max
Ratio of effective radiated powers of vision and sound /1 to 10/1
TV Fundamentals
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23. Course: AUDIO VIDEO ENGINNERING CHAPTER : 3. TV Fundamentals
Course CODE: 17537
CHAPTER : 3. TV Fundamentals
Marks: 20 Marks.
Contents:
Basic fundamentals of colour & monochrome television.
Colour theory, Grass man’s law & colour mixing.
Composite Video Signal (CVS).
TV channel allocation for band I & band III.
12 November November 2018

24. The Visible Spectrum
TV Fundamentals
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25. Colour theory, Grass man’s law & colour mixing.
The property of the eye of producing a response which depends on the algebraic sum of the red, green and blue inputs is known as Grassman's Law.
TV Fundamentals
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26. EXAMPLE Subtractive Theory Additive Theory
The subtractive, or pigment theory deals with how white light is absorbed and reflected off of colored surfaces.
Additive Theory
The Additive, or light theory deals with radiated and filtered light.
EXAMPLE
TV Fundamentals
12 November November 2018

27. Course: AUDIO VIDEO ENGINNERING CHAPTER : 3. TV Fundamentals
Course CODE: 17537
CHAPTER : 3. TV Fundamentals
Marks: 20 Marks.
Contents:
Basic fundamentals of colour & monochrome television.
Colour theory, Grass man’s law & colour mixing.
Composite Video Signal (CVS).
TV channel allocation for band I & band III.
12 November November 2018

28. Composite Video Signal (CVS).
With P/S Ratio = 10/4
TV Fundamentals
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29. Blanking Pulse:
TV Fundamentals
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30. Horizontal sync detail:
TV Fundamentals
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31. Vertical Sync details
TV Fundamentals
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32. TV Fundamentals
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33. TV Fundamentals
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34. Equalizing pulses:
TV Fundamentals
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35. TV Fundamentals
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36. Colour Burst signal:
TV Fundamentals
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37. Course: AUDIO VIDEO ENGINNERING CHAPTER : 3. TV Fundamentals
Course CODE: 17537
CHAPTER : 3. TV Fundamentals
Marks: 20 Marks.
Contents:
Basic fundamentals of colour & monochrome television.
Colour theory, Grass man’s law & colour mixing.
Composite Video Signal (CVS).
TV channel allocation for band I & band III.
12 November November 2018

38. Picture carrier Frequency
TV channel allocation for band I & band III.
Band
Channel No.
Frequency range
Picture carrier Frequency
(MHz)
Sound carrier
Frequency (MHz)
BAND I
(41-68 MHz) 1
41–47 (not used) 2
47–54
48.25
53.75 3
54–61
55.25
60.75 4
61–68
62.25
67.75
BAND III
(174–230 MHz) 5
174–181
175.25
180.75 6
181–188
182.25
187.75 7
188–195
189.25
194.75 8
195–202
196.25
201.75 9
202–209
203.25
208.75 10
209–216
210.25
215.75 11
216–223
217.25
222.75 12
223–230
224.25
229.75
TV Fundamentals
12 November November 2018

39. Course: AUDIO VIDEO ENGINNERING CHAPTER : 3. TV Fundamentals
Course1 CODE: 17537
CHAPTER : 3. TV Fundamentals
Marks: 20 Marks.
Contents:
Basic fundamentals of colour & monochrome television.
Colour theory, Grass man’s law & colour mixing.
Composite Video Signal (CVS).
TV channel allocation for band I & band III.
12 November November 2018