1. PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany
Hole’s Human
Anatomy and Physiology
Eleventh Edition
Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter 6
Modified by: Amber Jackson
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. Chapter 6 Skin and the Integumentary System
Composed of several tissues
Maintains homeostasis
Protective covering
Retards water loss
Regulates body temperature
Houses sensory receptors
Contains immune system cells
Synthesizes chemicals
Excretes small amounts of waste

3. Skin Cells
help produce Vitamin D needed for normal bone and tooth development
some cells (keratinocytes) produce substances that simulate development of some WBCs
Epithelial tissue – covers body surface; covers and lines
internal organs, composes glands
Function to: protect, secrete, absorb

4. Membranes – serous – line body cavities to reduce
friction, secrete watery fluids to lubricate surfaces with
(no outside opening)
Mucous – line tubes / (cavities) open to outside of body
Ex: digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive
- goblet cells – secrete mucus
Cutaneous – “skin” largest body organ protective;
prevents harmful substances from entering body,
regulates water balance and body temp., sensory receptors,
immunities…

5. Layers of Skin Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous layer beneath dermis
not part of skin

6. Epidermis -outer layer
lacks blood vessels
keratinized – (dead cells) hardening
thickest on palms and soles ( mm)
melanocytes provide melanin
rests on basement membrane
stratified squamous

7. Melanin – dark pigment absorbs
ultra-violet (u.v.) radiation to prevent
mutation in skin cell D.N.A.
melanocytes – long, cellular extensions
-all races have same number of melanocytes
-darker races have more numerous and longer
extensions that are nearer skins surface

8. Epidermis Layers of Epidermis stratum corneum stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale

9. Dermis contains dermal papillae on average 1.0-2.0mm thick
binds epidermis to underlying tissues
irregular dense connective tissue
form fingerprints re: fetal
movements

10. muscle cells – wrinkle skin (facial expressions)
blood vessels - nutrients to cells
hair follicles
glands
nerve cell processes
specialized sensory receptors
(Pacinian corpuscles –
heavy pressure
Meissner’s corp –
light touch)

11. Hair Follicles epidermal cells (dead) tube-like depression
extends into dermis –
present on all skin surfaces
except: palms, soles, lips,
nipples, extern reprod organs
Grow->rest->new growth->
old hair pushed out
hair root
hair shaft
hair papilla
melanin (albino, gray)
arrector pili muscle - goosebumps

12. Nails protective coverings nail plate – keratinized covering nail bed
lunula – (half moon) –
most active growing
region

13. Types of Glandular Secretions
Merocrine glands
fluid product
salivary glands
pancreas
sweat glands
Apocrine glands
cellular product
portions of cells
mammary glands
ceruminous glands
Holocrine glands
secretory products
whole cells
sebaceous glands

14. Sebaceous Glands secrete sebum (oil)- fatty material - acne is excess
usually associated w/ hair follicles- helps waterproof and
soften hair and skin
holocrine glands
secrete sebum (oil)- fatty
material - acne is excess
sebum production
absent on palms and soles

15. Sweat Glands “Sudoriferous glands” – long coiled tube
in deeper dermis or hypodermis
eccrine glands-
most numerous (resp to heat…) :forehead, back…
“Sweat” –water, salt, waste,
urea
Apocrine glands-
scent, develop at puberty
ceruminous glands-
ear wax
mammary glands – (female)
secrete milk

16. Subcutaneous Layer (Hypodermis)
Loose connective and adipose (fat) tissues
Major blood vessels –
form network (rete cutaneum)

17. Subcutaneous Layer hypodermis loose connective tissue adipose tissue
insulates
major blood vessels

18. Regulation of Body Temperature
Hypothalamus - controls body temp. set point
too hot -> surface vessels dilate & deep vessels
constrict -> blood to surface -> heat radiates
out to cool the body.
Conduction – heat moves to surface to cool
Convection - heat to air surrounding the body
Evaporation - eccrine secretes sweat which
evaporates to cool the body

19. Heat rash

20. Problems in Temperature Regulation
*too cold – vessels constrict to restrict blood to skin
surface -> muscles contract -> shivering to warm
the body
Problems in Temperature Regulation
Hyperthermia – abnormally high body temperature
Hypothermia – abnormally low body temperature

21. Frostbite

22. Skin Color TANNING !!???? Genetic Factors Physiological Factors
varying amounts of melanin
varying size of melanin granules
albinos lack melanin
Physiological Factors
dilation of dermal blood vessels
constriction of dermal blood vessels
accumulation of carotene
jaundice
Environmental Factors
sunlight
UV light from sunlamps
X rays
darkens melanin
TANNING !!????

24. Overexposure to sunlight burns the skin and can start a process that may lead to skin cancer.
For ultimate health benefits, (Vitamin D) it's very important to manage your time in the sun so as not to burn! (sunblock)
Sunburned skin's DNA is likely to be mutated and can lead to skin cancer. At best, the skin is sore to the touch, red, and inflamed. At worst, it blisters and peels.

25. Healing of Burns First degree burn – superficial partial-thickness
Minor burns – vessels dilate, skin reddens (erythema)
First degree burn – superficial partial-thickness
(epidermis) redding
Second degree burn – deep partial-thickness
(epidermis & some dermis) blisters
Third degree burn – full-thickness
(destroys epidermis, dermis, & accessory organs)
autograft – from “your” body
homograft – transplant from “other” body (cadaver)
various skin substitutes

26. Healing of Burns
1st degree
3rd degree
1st & 2nd degree

27. Rule of Nines

28. Healing of Cuts Shallow cut – epithelial cells divide to fill in gap
Dermal cut – blood will form clot in wound,
dried fluids form scab; cells stimulated to
divide and regenerate tissue.
(fibroblasts)

29. Healing of Cuts

30. Life Span Changes Melanin production slows Cell cycle slows down
Hair thins
Number of hair follicles decrease
Nail growth becomes impaired
Sensory receptors decline
Body temperature unable to be controlled
Diminished ability to activate Vitamin D
Cell cycle slows down
Skin becomes scaly
Age spots appear
Epidermis thins
Dermis becomes reduced
Loss of fat
Wrinkling
Sagging
Sebaceous glands secrete less oil

31. Clinical Application Acne Vulgaris most common skin disorder
sebum and epithelial cells clog glands
produces whitheads and blackheads (comedones)
anaerobic bacteria trigger inflamation (pimple)
largely hormonally induced
androgens stimulate sebum prodiction
treatments include antibiotics, topical creams, birth control pills