1. Acid Rain
Pristine Rainfall
pH = ~ 5.4

2. Volcanic Activity
Poás volcano crater, shown before the 2017 eruptions
By Peter Andersen - Own work, CC BY 2.5,
wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=344616
There are two crater lakes near the summit. The northern lake is known as the Laguna Caliente
("hot lagoon") and is located at a height of 2,300 m in a crater approximately 0.3 km wide and 30 m
deep. It is one of the world's most acidic lakes. The acidity varies after rain and changes in volcanic
activity, sometimes reaching a pH of almost 0; consequently, it supports little or no aquatic life. The
bottom of this lake is covered with a layer of liquid sulfur. Acid gases create acid rain and acid fog,
causing damage to surrounding ecosystems and often irritation of eyes and lungs.

3. Lightning

4. Human Activity
The coal-fired Gavin Power Plant in
Cheshire, Ohio
By The original uploader was Analogue Kid at
English Wikipedia. - Transferred from
en.wikipedia to Commons., CC BY 2.5,
index.php?curid=
The principal cause of acid rain is sulfur and nitrogen compounds from human sources, such as
electricity generation, factories, and motor vehicles. Electrical power generation using coal is among
the greatest contributors to gaseous pollutions that are responsible for acidic rain. The gases can be
carried hundreds of kilometers in the atmosphere before they are converted to acids and deposited.
In the past, factories had short funnels to let out smoke but this caused many problems locally; thus,
factories now have taller smoke funnels. However, dispersal from these taller stacks causes pollutants
to be carried farther, causing widespread ecological damage.

5. https://www. slideshare

6. Black Triangle Region of Europe
Germany, Poland and the Czech Republic
The Turów thermal power station in Bogatynia, Poland
By Vondraussen - Own work, CC BY 3.0,
wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=
According to NASA EOS "Changes in Biological
Cycles", approximately hectares of
forests had to be cut because of severely
damaged trees, with 52% of the forest lost
on the Czech side of the Krusne Hory
mountains.
global_change/blacktriangle.php
Jizera Mountains, 2006

7. Statuary
By Nino Barbieri - Own work, CC BY 2.5,

8. Stack Scrubbers