1. Logical Fallacies (Propaganda)
A logical fallacy is an element of an argument that is flawed, essentially rendering the line of reasoning, if not the entire argument, invalid. You often times see logical fallacies used in politics and advertising.

2. Examples Ad Hominem False Analogy Red Herring Bandwagon
Overgeneralization
Transference
Euphemism
Testimonial
Appeal to Fear

3. Ad Hominem
Translated from the Latin for, “To the man”, an ad hominum argument is just that. When an argument starts getting personal and attacks are made against a person, rather than to support an argument, that is an ad hominum logical fallacy. In any situation, mudslinging is a poor substitute for a well-reasoned argument.

4. False Analogy
This logical fallacy disregards significant dissimilarities and wrongly implies that , because two items are similar in some respects, that they are therefore, similar in all respects.
For example: Employees are like nails. Just as nails must be hit in the head in order to make them work, so must employees.

5. Red Herring
A red herring is an intentional detour from an issue. Example: A teacher catches a student cheating during a test. The student in response says, “I know I’ve made a mistake. But think of my parents. They’re going to kill me”. The student uses a red herring in his response. He tries to appeal to pity to distract his teacher from the real issue of cheating.

6. Bandwagon
This logical fallacy creates the impression that everybody is doing it and so should you.

7. Overgeneralization
This logical fallacy is an error in reasoning which comes about by making a logical leap far greater than what the data allows.
For example: “I just read that three kids were arrested yesterday at Borchard Park for drug possession. Teens in this country are really going downhill!” OR
“Teenagers are bad drivers.”
(Parents car insurance rates can spike anywhere from % higher once a teen driver is included on the policy.)

8. Transference
In this technique, qualities of a known person are associated with a product to promote or demote it. Linking an item to a respected person is positive transfer. Creating an analogy between a disliked person and a product is negative transfer. It is also used during war times.
Example: “Cleanliness is next to Fordliness.” (Brave New World p. 111)
Political Examples: Negative Transference: Swastika (associated with Nazis) Positive Transference: American Flag
Using Cowboys in Marlboro commercials to
relate cigarettes and cowboys.
Middle aged women in house hold cleaning
product commercials

9. Euphemism
Substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive
Political Euphemisms are designed to sway public opinion
Examples include: Undocumented Workers (illegal aliens) Enhanced Interrogation (torture) Extrajudicial Execution (assassination, murder) Legislatively Directed Spending (earmarks or political "pork")

10. Testimonial
This propaganda technique uses words of an expert or a famous person to promote a particular idea. For example, a sports person is shown recommending a brand of sport shoes. Generally, people identify themselves to some celebrated figure. So celebrities are used to advertise certain products.

11. Appeal to Fear
This propaganda technique attempts to create support for an idea by using deception and propaganda in attempt to increase fear and prejudice toward a competitor

12. Logical Fallacy Propaganda Poster
-Each group will be assigned one of the nine logical fallacies.
-Each group will create a propaganda poster (advertisement) for anything they choose (school appropriate) using that logical fallacy.
-It should have the item it is advertising, a slogan that uses the logical fallacy, a picture representation, and a paragraph that defines the logical fallacy as well as explains the group’s use of it in the poster.
-It should look neat.
Due at the end of class.