1. Monday, October 2, 2017 Agenda: 1) Elements of an Argument
2) CSI: Lovinggood MS
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2. Persuasive Reading Elements of an Argument

3. Words to know…
Claim- Writer’s position on an issue or problem. State your argument. The claim may appear in the introduction or the conclusion.
Support- Any material that helps the writer to prove his/her claim. Includes reasons and evidence.
Opposing View- Objections to the writer’s claim
Counterarguments- arguments made to contradict or argue against the opposing viewpoints.

4. Look out for Signal Words
Many argue that thieves should be given longer prison sentences because it would cut down on crime. (Opposing view sample)
Introducing an opposing view:
Acknowledge Believe Report Claim
Respond Comment Point out Refute
Suggest Dispute Insist Argue
Assert Reject Deny
However, this could lead to over crowding and increased budgets needed to care for these individuals. (Counter-argument sample)
Introducing a counter-argument:
However Nevertheless While this may be true
This is outweighed by Nonetheless

5. Types of Support - Evidence
Statistics – data from reliable sources
Facts – Statements that can be proven
Examples – details that demonstrate the claim
Expert Opinions – quotes or information from researchers or those respected in a certain field
Observations – firsthand accounts of an event

6. Can you find the elements?
The school district should not charge after-school sports programs to use the fields. To begin, those fields are maintained by taxpayer money. Home-owners pay an average of $ a year for the upkeep of these facilities. People in favor of charging for using the fields say the district needs money. But teams can’t afford to pay: if pressed they will simply fold. Then kids won’t have any teams at all. Further, health care experts like the Surgeon General encourage kids to get involved in sports to relieve stress and build lifelong health. Some argue that kids should exercise in school. However, kids often do not have the time, so after-school sports are one way to achieve this aim. After-school sports also help burn off energy and bonds with each other. Please do not charge the community teams to use school fields.

7. Let’s Review
The school district should not charge after-school sports programs to use the fields. To begin, those fields are maintained by taxpayer money. Home-owners pay an average of $ a year for the upkeep of these facilities. People in favor of charging for using the fields say the district needs money. But teams can’t afford to pay: if pressed they will simply fold. Then kids won’t have any teams at all. Further, health care experts like the Surgeon General encourage kids to get involved in sports to relieve stress and build lifelong health. Some argue that kids should exercise in school. However, kids often do not have the time, so after-school sports are one way to achieve this aim. After-school sports also help burn off energy and bonds with each other. Please do not charge the community teams to use school fields.

8. Persuasive Techniques
Logical Appeals- Logos
Emotional Appeals- Pathos
Ethical Appeals – Ethos
Kairos

9. Logical – Logos – Greek for ‘word’
Logical Appeals use valid facts and sound reasoning to persuade. Facts, numbers, and information can be very convincing.
Can you think of a commercial that uses logical appeal?

10. What would be an example of emotional appeal?
Emotional Appeals – From the Greek word Pathos- The feeling, as of sympathy or pity
Emotional appeals are often the most effective method of persuading an audience. They are not based on evidence but rather appeal to feeling in order to get one to “buy in.”
What would be an example of emotional appeal?

11. How can you persuade someone with his/her ethics?
Ethical – From the Greek word Ethos-character, or fundamental values peculiar to a specific person.
Ethical appeals tend to persuade by using your sense of duty or responsibility. These try to convince by appeals to a group of people’s beliefs and values.
How can you persuade someone with his/her ethics?

12. Kairos From the Greek word meaning the right or opportune moment.
Try to convince your audience that this issue is so important they must act now.
Example: This is a one-time offer. You can’t get this price after today. One day only sale.

13. Can you find the techniques?
The school district should not charge after-school sports programs to use the fields. To begin, those fields are maintained by taxpayer money. Home-owners pay an average of $ a year for the upkeep of these facilities. People in favor of charging for using the fields say the district needs money. But teams can’t afford to pay: if pressed they will simply fold. Then kids won’t have any teams at all. Further, health care experts like the Surgeon General encourage kids to get involved in sports to relieve stress and build lifelong health. Some argue that kids should exercise in school. However, kids often do not have the time, so after-school sports are one way to achieve this aim. After-school sports also help burn off energy and bonds with each other. Please do not charge the community teams to use school fields.

14. Counter-argument - Rebuttal
Opposing Viewpoint
Many claim that college athletes should be paid a salary since the school makes money as a result of their talents
Counter-argument - Rebuttal
While it may be true that they deserve some type of payment, it must be considered that they are already being paid as a result of scholarships that provide them an education at either a free or reduced cost.
People contend that mobile phones are a waste of money since landlines are much cheaper
Counter-argument
Rebuttal
Citizens point out that smoking should be banned in all public places because passive smoking damages other people
Individuals suggest that there should be a law to make people recycle bottles and cans in order to cut down on the waste we produce
Music lovers insist that they should be allowed to download as much music as they want from the internet because CDs are overpriced

15. 3 Kinds of Arguments Argument of Fact 2. Argument of Judgment
3. Argument of Policy

16. Basic Elements of Argument (Toulmin’s Theory of Argument)
Claim
Evidence
Warrant
Backing
Qualifications
Rebuttal (Counterargument)

17. Functions of Each Component
The argument must have a claim (thesis).
The claim must be based on evidence of some sort.
The warrant explains how the evidence supports the claim.
The backing supports the warrants.
The qualifications support the backing.
Rebuttals (counterarguments) refute competing claims.

18. Claims
The claim is the thesis statement.

19. Evidence
The evidence is the data. (You need to come up with at least five pieces of evidence.)

20. Warrant
The warrant is the “Why?” Why the data we produce support the claims we make and are trying to demonstrate.

21. Backing
The backing is the support for the warrants. You could use extended definitions, research studies, etc. to function as backing.

22. Qualifications
Statistical evidence can serve as qualifications.

23. Rebuttal
The rebuttal is the counterargument, or the other side of the issue at hand.

24. Fact vs. Opinion
To do this assignment, you will have to have a strong understanding of fact vs. opinion. Take a moment to discuss the different between the two.

25. Argument of Fact Picture Murder Mystery “Slip or Trip”

26. Problem: Investigators are trying to determine what happened at this crime scene.
At five-feet-six and a hundred and ten pounds, Queenie Volupides was a sight to behold and to clasp. When she tore out of the house after a tiff with her husband, Arthur, she went to the country club where there was a party going on. She left the club shortly before one in the morning and invited a few friends to follow her home and have one more drink. They got to the Volupides house about ten minutes after Queenie, who met them at the door and said,

27. “Something terrible happened. Arthur slipped and fell on the stairs
“Something terrible happened. Arthur slipped and fell on the stairs. He was coming down for another drink—he still had the glass in his hand—and I think he’s dead. Oh, no—what shall I do?”
The autopsy conducted later concluded that Arthur had died from a wound on the head and confirmed that he’d been drunk.

28. 1. Do you think Queenie is telling the truth?
Task: You and your are an investigative team that must determine what may have happened. You can either agree or disagree with Queenie’s version of the story. Reread the story “Slip or Trip” and answer the following questions in your group.
1. Do you think Queenie is telling the truth?
2. Find all of the evidence you can that indicates whether or not Queenie is telling the truth. Make a list of all the evidence. Evidence includes concrete, observable information; personal testimony; written documents; and material objects and their condition or appearance.

29. 3. Next explain how each piece of evidence supports your claim that Queenie is or is not telling the truth. Each explanation will be a generally accepted rule, which may begin with a phrase such as “As a rule…” If other members of your team disagree with you, find evidence that will convince them. 4. Be prepared to explain why your evidence supports your case. Eventually you will write a report to convince the others in the class that your analysis makes the most sense. (Students reread the story and study the picture for visual clues to gather evidence and create “rules”.)

30. Graphic Organizer Evidence Rule Conclusion
1. Arthur still has a glass in his hand.
As a rule, when people fall down the stairs, they drop what they are carrying to try to save themselves.
Queenie is probably lying about his falling down the stairs.
probably= qualification

31. Other Evidence/Rules…
Conclusion
2. His feet are on the stairs.
If one falls down the stairs,
Queenie is probably….
3. Everything on the wall was straight.
4. She wouldn’t have planned on going home ten minutes before her friends.
5. The carpet is neat.

32. Let’s check to make sure we have all of the elements to our argument.
What is our claim?
Which pieces of evidence do we have?
What warrant to do we have?
What backing do we have to support the warrant?
Which qualifications do we have?
Do we have a rebuttal? (Counterargument)- We might not need this one for this assignment.