1. The Human Landscape- Who We Are
Chapter 4
The Human Landscape- Who We Are

2. Population:
Measure of the # of people who live in a specific place at a specific time.
Usually follow a political boundary such as a country, province or town.
Diversity:
A variety of different kinds. Ex.
Canada has a very diverse population. i.e. many different ethnic groups.
Population Density:
a measure of how compact or concentrated a population is. It takes land as well as population into account. Generally, cities would have a higher population density than a town in rural NL.
Formula:
Population density = population
Amount of land (area)
Usually measured in Km2 or miles2.

3. Sparsely populated:
Small number of people in a given area (Northern Canada)
In general terms we say less than 100 people/Km2
Densely populated:
High number of people in a given area. (Area around Great Lakes).
In general terms we say more than 100 people/Km2

4. Systems affecting population density and distribution:
1. Climate:
- Warmer comfortable climates attract people
Most people live in a moderate climate region
2. Economics:
Urbanization and the move to the industrialization and now the information ages have changed population distribution, to larger cities.
3. Transportation
- Coastal regions attract business and people because of ocean transportation.
- Most major cities are located on the coast.

5. Systems affecting population density and distribution:
4. Culture: -The way in which a group of people live. -It includes their beliefs and traditions and involves such things as food, language, music and even recreational activities. 5. Cultural Imprints: -Each group of Canada’s diverse population has brought aspects of their cultures with them. Thus, each cultural imprint is part of our country. 6. Multiculturalism: -An official policy of Canada which encourages respect for cultural diversity within our country.

6. Two official multicultural communities in Canada:
English/French:
Many immigrants choose Canada because of its English-based culture. Also many Immigrants come to Canada because of its French culture, mainly in Quebec and New Brunswick.
English/French challenges:
There are some Canadians who feel that Canada should not be multicultural and that we should separate into different countries.
Many French Canadians are afraid of assimilation in which their cultural identity would be lost to the English culture.
Do you believe in multiculturalism or assimilation? What are the advantages of each?

7. Demography:
The numeral study of various aspects of population such as age, increase/decrease and birth/death rates.
Birth Rate (BR):
A measurement of the number of births (in one year) per people.
Formula: BR = Births x 1000
Population
Death Rate (DR):
A measurement of the number of deaths (in one year) per people.
Formula: DR = Deaths x 1000

8. Natural Increase:
Occurs when the # of births exceeds the # of deaths
Rate of Natural Increase (RNI):
A measurement of how fast the population is increasing only considering births and deaths.
Formula: RNI = BR – DR
Rate of Population Change:
Formula: (Births – Deaths) + (Immigration – Emmigration)
Population Pyramid:
Also known as an age-sex pyramid.
Graphs that reveal patterns in information about populations which enables one to make comparisons between men/women or young/old.

9. Classifying population pyramids
1. Expansive or Expanding
Have a triangular or pyramid shape .
The wide base indicates a high birth rate and the narrow top indicates a high death rate.
2. Stationary or Stable
Have a ½ eclipse shape.
The base is similar in width to the population of the reproductive ages which indicates a stable population.
3. Contractive or Contracting
Have a narrower base than the reproductive age population.
This indicates a decreasing population.

10. Reading population pyramids
Observing different characteristics of the population pyramid can tell you a lot about the population.
1. Width of the base
wide base indicates high birth rate, narrow indicates low birth rate
 2. Symmetry
males and females are usually similar, any asymmetry indicates a difference between male and female population
 3. Shape of sides
concave sides indicate a high death rate and convex sides indicate a lower death rate.
4. Bumps in the sides
irregularities in the sides indicate a demographic anomaly, such as a war. Note: This bump will travel upward with time.

11. Migration:
The movement of people from one region to another.
Example: Out of Newfoundland into Alberta.
Immigration (In- Migration):
Refers to the migration of people into the country, province, or region.
Emmigration (Out-Migration):
Refers to the migration of people out of the country, province, or region.
Push and Pull Factors: 
Why do people migrate?

12. Two categories or reasons for movement:
1. Push factors
People who want to get away from their place of origin.
2. Pull factors
People want to go to a particular place.
Notes: Besides push and pull forces are forces that keep people where they are. These factors are referred to as intervening obstacles.
Examples of Intervening obstacles, mountains, rivers, borders, children, family culture.

13. Canada & Immigration:
The main objectives of the immigration program are:
To reunite Canadian residents with close family members from abroad.
To protect genuine refugees.
To help develop a strong economy.
To maintain and protect the health, safety and good order of Canadian Society.

14. General Admission Standards
All immigration applicants are assessed according to objective standards, without discrimination based on race, ethnic origin, color, religion or sex.
All applicants are subject to basic health and security standards.
For example, known criminals or people with medical conditions that might place excessive demands on Canada’s medical services, are not admitted to Canada

15. Types of Immigration 1. Family Class
These are the spouses dependent children, parents, grandparents of Canadian citizens or permanent residents.
In order to come to Canada, they must be sponsored by their relative who agrees to support them while they settle into the country. 
2. Refugees
People fleeing persecution and seeing Canada’s protection.
Some refugees are sponsored and brought to Canada by the government or some private group.
Others come to Canada on their own and claiming refugee status. 
3. Independent Class
They must meet selection criteria which are intended to assess their ability to settle and establish themselves in Canada.
They are selected on the basis of their skills, business, expertise or investment capital. 
4. Other
Immigrants who come to Canada under special circumstances approved by government.

16. The Land Before Canada:
Aboriginal
Refers to the descendants of the original inhabitants of the land that is now Canada. 
Inuit
Refers to Aboriginal peoples who live in Canada’s Arctic regions. 
First Nations
Refers to a distinct group of Aboriginal people who share the same culture and history. 
Métis
Descendants of European fur traders and Aboriginal people.
Approximately 30% of Aboriginal peoples are Métis. 
Aboriginal Culture
Canada’s Aboriginal Peoples are quite diverse and yet similar in many ways

17. Some Similarities
1. All live off the land and traded with other Aboriginal groups.
2. All lived in organized societies with a form of government.
3. Spiritual beliefs.
4. A set of agreed upon values

18. Oral Traditions
The history, knowledge and values as told in stories and legends that have been passed along for thousands of generations. 
Reserves
Land that is legally owned by the federal government but has been set aside for use by a First Nation group.
Many Aboriginal peoples now prefer the term First Nation Community.

19. Why do you think many Aboriginal cultures are endangered?
What could Aboriginals teach non-Aboriginals about using resources wisely and respecting the environment?

20. Migration in Canada Transatlantic Migration:
The movement of people across the Atlantic Ocean to settle North America from approximately 1500 to 1900 A.D.
Two of the earliest explores are Johan Cabot and Christopher Columbus

21. The French
Acadia
An area that now includes Nova Scotia, PEI, and part of New Brunswick.
Claimed for France by Samuel de Champlain, a French Explorer.
The first permanent settlement of Europeans in Canada. 
New France
Established by Champlain in 1608 in what is now Quebec City.

22. The British in Canada Loyalist
Former American colonist who crossed over to Canada after the US declared its independence from Britain (they wanted to remain loyal).
La Deportation
During the Seven Years War the British took control of Canada and expelled the Acadians when they would not take an Oath of Loyalty to the British.
About 2000 Acadians were allowed to return to Nova Scotia, PEI and New Brunswick.

23. Immigration Since 1900
Many immigrants came to Canada because the government offered free land in order to establish an east-to-west presence. It wanted to settle the prairies and encourage large farms.
Many British immigrants tended to work in Canada’s manufacturing industries and settled in larger cities.
WWII brought many immigrants and refugees who were leaving war-torn Europe.
During the 1970s and 1980s, Canada has seen changes in its immigration policy, due to the federal government’s new policy of multiculturalism, and is now one of the most open in the world.

24. Period
Major Migrations
Significant Consequences
Example/Evidence
Pre 1500
Aboriginal peoples populated the region extensively.
No transatlantic migrations.
Aboriginal peoples developed adaptations to their environments . These societies flourished.
No major exploitation or destruction of environment.
After early explorers in late 1400s, French established Acadia and then the New France.
British took control in 1763 and by mid- 1800s hundreds of thousands of immigrants came from the United Kingdom.
Europeans displaced Aboriginal peoples, created new societies, and exploited resources to support the growing population in Europe.
Atlantic fishery flourished because fish was a valuable source protein for Europe’s growing population. Beothuk people on Newfoundland were wiped out.

25. Period
Major Migrations
Significant Consequences
Example/Evidence
Post 1900
In early 1900s, Canadian government attracted immigrants from Eastern Europe to settle the West.
After the second world war, thousands of immigrants came from war-torn Europe.
In the 1970s, Canada’s multiculturalism and immigration policies attracted immigrants from all over the world.
Canadian society became increasingly diverse. There was extensive resource exploitation as new industries, cities, transportation systems, and lands were developed.
Canadian society became a model to the world for successful multiculturalism.