1. Review your summary sheet for aggression

2. A2 Physical Education Sport Psychology
AGGRESSION AND CONFIDENCE
Week 3 Revision

3. Aggression vs assertion
“Any behaviour that is intended to harm another individual by physical or verbal means.” (BULL)
“Any form of behaviour directed toward the goal of harming or injuring another human being who is motivated to avoid such treatment.” (BARON)
HOSTILE AGGRESSION
Main aim is to harm and inflict injury.
Aggressive actions are outside the rules of the game
‘Hostile destructiveness’ (PARENS)
Hostile aggression involves anger.
This type of aggression needs to be eliminated from sport!
ASSERTIVE BEHAVIOUR
No intention to harm.
Strictly within the rules and spirit of the game.
Robust, but functional play.
Primarily focused on completing the skill successfully.
‘Non-hostile self-protective mastery behaviour’ (PARENS, 1987)

4. INSTRUMENTAL AGGRESSION
Not needed
INSTRUMENTAL AGGRESSION
Intends to harm as a means to another goal. For example if you rugby tackle an opponent with force the intent to wind them
CHANNELED AGRESSION
Positive form of aggression, divert feelings into positive actions. For example working harder

5. Antecedents of Aggression
HOSTILE CROWDS
FRUSTRATION CAUSED BY POOR PERFORMANCE, OPPOSITION OR REFS DECISIONS.
NATURE OF THE GAME
AGGRESSION
WIDE DIVISION BETWEEN SCORES
VENUE…AWAY TEAM
PREVIOUSLY DEVELOPED GRUDGES OR SCORES TO SETTLE
EXTRINSIC REWARDS
HIGH AROUSAL LEVELS

6. Theories of Aggression
INSTINCT THEORY (TRAIT PERSPECTIVE)
- Proposed by FRUED but
developed but LORENZ in 1966.
- ‘Aggression is genetically inherited
and that trait of violence lies within everyone
due to a basic instinct to dominate.’
- ‘Death instinct’ (FREUD)
- ‘Aggressive energy is constantly building
up and needs to be released’ (LORENZ)
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
Proposed by BANDURA, 1966 but
developed by LEAKEY.
Aggression is not biologically based
but is nurtured through environmental forces.
Learned by watching and copying
role models and it becomes an
excepted mode of behaviour if reinforced.
FRUSTRATION AGGRESSION HYPOTHESIS
– INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE
- Proposed by DOLLARD.
- ‘Frustration develops when goal-directed
behaviour or NACH is blocked.’
It is instinctive to fulfil the need
to release frustration.
- Instinct theory – aggression is the goal.
- Aggression = successful = catharsis
- Aggression = unsuccessful = more frustration
AGGRESSION CUE HYPOTHESIS
(BERKOWITZ, 1969)
– INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE
- Builds upon DOLLARD’S work.
Frustration leads to an increase in arousal which,
in some situations will result in aggression.
Cues = baseball bats, violent acts being witnessed,
nature of the game will trigger aggression if
arousal is high.
Best players have the ability/temperament
to control frustration and arousal.

7. Do they have limitations?
INSTINCT THEORY (TRAIT PERSPECTIVE)
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
FRUSTRATION AGGRESSION HYPOTHESIS
– INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE
AGGRESSION CUE HYPOTHESIS
(BERKOWITZ, 1969)
– INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE

8. Reducing and controlling aggression
Punish aggressive play.
Withdraw violent players from the situation.
Stress performance rather than the outcome.
Emphasise non-aggressive role models.
Make use of cognitive strategies to prevent aggressive play.
Positively reinforce non-aggressive behaviour and negatively reinforce aggressive behaviour.
Change athletes perceptions of the situation.
Implement stress management techniques.
Lower arousal levels

9. Aggression – traffic light sheet
Anything new that I’ve learnt

10. Confidence Book 2 page 94 – 100
Self confidence and self efficacy. What is the difference?

11. Review your summary sheets
Trait and state confidence

12. Bandura’s model

13. Vealey's model of self confidence Page 95 – OCR 2015

14. Social Facilitation/Inhibition
SOCIAL FACILITATION: The presence of an audience positively increases arousal levels and performance is enhanced.
SOCIAL INHIBITION: A negative effect on performance is experienced due to the attendance of an audience.

15. Simplified diagram

16. Improving confidence pg. 99

17. Social Facilitation/Inhibition
Homefield Advantage:
Large supportive home crowds have a positive effect on performance.
Most evident in indoor sports such as basketball.
Crowd gets close to the action, increasing audience influence. This is called the ‘proximity effect.’
Strategies to Combat Social Inhibition:
Practice selective attention.
Use imagery, mental rehearsal to block out audience effects.
Ensure essential skills are over-learned and grooved.
introduce evaluative others into practice.
Raise athletes’ awareness of the zone of optimal functioning.
Incorporate stress management into training.
Appropriate use of attribution

18. Home and away
Advantages
Disadvantages

19. Strategies to eliminate effects

20. Confidence– traffic light sheet
Anything new that I’ve learnt

21. Next week Week 1 Aspects of personality Arousal Week 2
Controlling anxiety
Attitudes
Week 3
Aggression
Confidence
Week 4
Attribution theory
Group success
Week 5
Leadership and any questions