1. Vitamin Production and Yeast Extract
Prepared by : Maram Saqer
Introduced to : Dr. Ghadeer Omar
Mycology
An - Najah National University

2. Vitamins Water-soluble or fat-soluble Precursors for coenzymes
Synthesized by micro-organisms and plants
Essential micronutrient
Vitamins
Mostly not synthesized by mammals
Essential for the metabolism

3. Fungi
Auxoheterotrophic
Auxoautotrophic
Completely
Partially

4. Fungi in their ability to synthesize their vitamin requirements has distinguished two groups of fungi :
Auxoautotrophic :
Able to synthesize all their vitamin-requirements which may be excreted into the medium.

5. 2. Auxoheterotrophic : Includes those fungi which either completely or partially lack biosynthetic capacity for vitamin production.

6. Capacity to synthesize a particular vitamin may change with time in the same strain.
The biosynthesis of each vitamin is regulated by several genes.
Auxoheterotrophic strains have originated from auxoautotrophic stock, chiefly by spontaneous mutations.

7. To distinguish auxoautotrophic from auxoheterotrophic fungi ; we use vitamin free media.
growth of fungi mean these fungi is auxoautotrophic but auxoheterotrophic fungi show limited growth ( no growth for some strains).

8. To detect the optimum concentration of any vitamin for each fungi different diluted solutions of each vitamin are used .
The optimum concentration lead to the best growth of that fungi.

9. Auxoautotrophic and Auxoheterotrophic Fungi

10. By fermentation Ergosterol ( provitamin D2 ) Cyanocobalamin ( B 12 )
Riboflavin ( B2 )
Orotic acid
( B13 )
Vitamin C
Vitamin F

11. Fungi Biology and Applications

12. Biotechnology is replacing Chemistry
Use renewable resources
Save costs
Reduce energy requirements
Reduce waste

13. Production of Vitamin C
Lactose
Glucose
Yeast
D-Galactose
L-ascorbic acid

14. Vitamin D Fat-soluble vitamin.
necessary for mineral metabolism and bone growth.

15. Biphasic growth
Yeast use glucose as carbon source ; growth rate increase.
2. Then the glucose conc. reaches a low level; the cell growth is confined.
3. After short period, cells continue to grow by consuming the ethanol that produced in the first phase ( as carbon source ).

16. biphasic growth; two phase process with the ergosterol content increase when the specific growth rate is decreased.

17. The Mycota 10. Industrial Applications. - KARL AUTOR ESSER, J
The Mycota 10. Industrial Applications. - KARL AUTOR ESSER, J. W AUTOR BENNETT, H. D AUTOR OSIEWACZ

18. Fungi Biology and Applications

19. UV Glucose Growth Low growth rate Low glucose Ergosterol Vitamin D
Ethanol
Growth

20. Riboflavin-based pigments
yellow
Riboflavin-based pigments
mg|day for human
Riboflavin
Form FMN and FAD
Lactoflavin
Solid vitamin
( vit. B2 )
Water soluble

21. Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) produced by :
Eremothecium ashbyi
( genetically unstable)
Ashbya gossypii
(is the prefered strain)
bacteria (Clostridium sp.)
yeasts (Candida sp.)
Deregulation of purine synthesis and mutation in flavokinase.

22. Soya bean oil and soya bean meal are the substrates.
Riboflavin production occurs during the late phase of growth.

23. while glucose remains in the medium during the early phase of growth, its converted to lipid droplet, that used later in riboflavin production.
Supplementation of culture medium with glycine or ribitol stimulate riboflavin formation.

24. glucose
glycine
ribitol
lipid droplets
riboflavin production

25. Fermentation process First phase Second phase Third phase
Rapid growth.
Small quantities of riboflavin production.
Decrease in PH ( accumulation of pyruvate ).
Sporulation.
Decrease of pyruvate.
Accumulation of ammonia.
Increase PH.
Third phase
Raid synthesis of cell bound riboflavin.
Autolysis.

26. release of free riboflavin into the medium by autolysis .
The bound vitamin is released from the cell by heat treatment ( 120 °C, 1hr ).

27. Yeast Extract

28. Yeast Extract food additives flavorings
nutrients for bacterial culture media

29. Yeast extract production
autolysis
hydrolysis
plasmolysis

30. Autolysis
cell components within the cell are solubilized by activation of enzymes ( it self ). This is achieved by carefully controlling temperature, PH and time.
With careful addition of enzymes or reagents to stimulate degradation and release of the cell contents into the medium.

31. autolysis

32. Plasmolysis yeast cells are treated with salt and begin to loss water.
Cytoplasm separate from the cell wall, then the cell die.
Advantage : no specialized equipment is required and salt is cheap and available.
Disadvantage : high salt content of extract.

33. plasmolysis
Salt
H2O
Yeast
Cell die
Degenerative process

34. Hydrolysis Utilize the action of hydrochloric acid.
At specific temperature and pressure.
usually takes (8 – 12) hrs. and shorter more efficient hydrolysis can be achieved at higher temp. and pressure.
The hydrolysate is neutralized with sodium hydroxide.
Then the extract is filtrated and concentrated.