2. Next theories Keep the empirical rigor of behaviorism and add. . . .
Cognition, thought, motivation, etc.
Social learning
In Skinner box animals are alone
We learn by watching others!
Treat humans as active in selecting their environment
In Skinner box a rat is placed in there
We select our environments and they will change because we are in them
You at a party!

3. Theories Dollard and Miller’s Social Learning Theory
Rotter’s Social Learning Theory
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

4. Dollard & Miller

5. Dollard and Miller
Combines behaviorism and Freudian theory!

6. Habit Hierarchy All the behaviors a person might do
From most likely to least likely

7. Habit Hierarchy Talk to Ponch Get a drink Talk to a woman Comb hair
In a bar
Comb hair
But, this can change based on reinforcement or punishment
Flex muscles

8. In order to learn -- John (an organism) must
1) Want something (a woman)
2) Notice something (perceive the woman)
3) Do something (talk to the woman)
4) Get something (a smile)

9. Note This is already different than behaviorism Dollard and Miller
Motivation (want something)
Perception (notice something)

10. Note This is already different than behaviorism Behaviorism
Learning changes behavior
Dollard and Miller
Learning changes the HH
HH is a non-observable psychological entity

11. What do you want?
Drives
A psychological tension that feels good when it is reduced.
Need
Drive

12. Drives Primary Drives Biologically built-in drives Secondary Drives
Food, water, sex, avoid pain, etc.
Secondary Drives
Psychologically based
Love, prestige, money, power, etc.
Learned by being paired with primary drives

13. Imagine John asks the Charlie's Angels out on a date
John gets rejected!
Is upset so he goes riding with Ponch
Arrests a person for no reason at all!

14. Why? Freud Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
Natural reaction for any person (or animal) to being blocked from a goal, will be the urge to lash out or injure.
The more important the goal, the greater will be the aggressive impulse

15. Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
Different than Freud
No ID is needed (or ego)
Same as Freud
Displacement
e.g., riots
Sublimation (can be constructive)

17. What is fun?
The story about me in the book

18. Approach-Avoidance Conflict
Conflict between desire and fear
Changes over time

19. Approach-Avoidance Conflict
1) An increase in drive strength will increase the tendency to approach or avoid a goal
VS.
If John wants to relieve a drive more than Ponch, John will also want the goal more!

20. Approach-Avoidance Conflict
2) Whenever there are two competing responses, the stronger one (the one with the greater drive) will win out.
Drive: Companionship
Drive: Avoid rejection

21. Approach-Avoidance Conflict
3) The tendency to approach a positive goal increases the closer the one is to the goal
John sees the Angels across the room
John talks to them
John asks them back to his place

22. Approach-Avoidance Conflict
3) The tendency to approach a positive goal increases the closer the one is to the goal

23. Approach-Avoidance Conflict
4) The tendency to avoid a negative goal also increases the closer one is to the goal
John sees the Angels across the room
John talks to them
John asks them back to his place

24. Approach-Avoidance Conflict
5) Tendency 4 is stronger than tendency 3.
Avoidance
Approach

25. Approach-Avoidance Conflict
5) Tendency 4 is stronger than tendency 3.
Avoidance
Approach

26. Approach-Avoidance Conflict
5) Tendency 4 is stronger than tendency 3.
Avoidance
Approach

27. Approach-Avoidance Conflict
5) Tendency 4 is stronger than tendency 3.
Avoidance
Approach

28. Group Activity
Have you ever had something in the future that you were both looking forward to and dreading?
Did your feelings about it change over time in the way Dollard and Miller describe?

29. Defense Mechanisms Freud’s explanation Dollard and Miller
Negative Reinforcement
A reward that consists of the withdrawal of aversive stimuli

30. Defense Mechanisms Negative Reinforcement
Any stopping of pain or anxiety is negatively reinforcing
The behavior that occurred before such cessation will become more likely
Put your hand in the fire!

31. Defense Mechanisms Dollard and Miller
DM are cognitive behaviors that are negatively reinforced because they remove anxiety

32. Defense Mechanism Denial Repression Reaction Formation Projection
Rationalization
Intellectualization

33. Defense Mechanisms Freud vs. Dollard and Miller
Freud was right Perhaps too complicated
Principle of Parsimony

35. Rotter’s Social Learning Theory

36. Markey's Casino

37. Blamoooooo All games cost $10 Jackpot: $100 Jackpot: $1,000
Odds: %
Odds: 50%

38. Rotter Behaviorism would predict you would go for the biggest reward
However, your beliefs (i.e., expectancies) are also important!
Expectancy Value Theory

39. Elements Behavior Potential (BP)
The probability that you will perform the behavior in question
Higher the BP, more likely you will do it!

40. Elements Expectancy (E)
A persons belief about how likely a behavior will bring about a goal

41. Expectancy If you think so: If you do not think so:
If you ask a person out will they say yes?
If you think so:
“Asking out” has high expectancy
If you do not think so:
“Asking out” has low expectancy

42. Expectancy It is a belief
Objective odds matter less then subjective odds
Lottery!