1. Nationalism and Revolution Around the World
Section 2: Nationalism in Africa and the Middle East

2. Africans Resist Colonial Rule
After World War I, many Africans who had fought on behalf of their colonial rulers felt that they had earned more rights.
Instead, they were suppressed and segregated from the white community.
In South Africa, the system of apartheid led to a nationalist movement and a political party known as the ANC.

3. Nationalism and “Africa for Africans”
Pan-Africanism became a popular movement in the 1920s.
French-speaking writers in West Africa and the Caribbean inspired pride in Africans through the negritude movement.
In 1922, Egypt was the first to be granted independence, although Britain still controlled Egypt’s monarchy.

4. Turkey and Persia Modernize
After World War I, Turkey and Persia both struggled to become truly independent nations.
Turkish ruler Atatürk and Persian ruler Reza Khan took steps to separate religion from government and to introduce Western ways.
Others felt that Islam should play a larger role in these states.

5. Arab Nationalism and the Middle East
When gasoline-powered engines came into widespread use, the oil of the Middle East became more valuable.
A Pan-Arabism movement grew to unite Arab peoples and keep their lands free from foreign domination.
Arabs felt betrayed by the results of the Paris Peace Conference and mistrusted the West.
They were also angered by British and Zionist attempts to set up a Jewish homeland in Palestine.