1. Anthropometric Concomitants of Physical Performance

2. Somatotype William Sheldon
Photoscopic ratings based on listed criteria
Endomorphy – Mesomorphy – Ectomorphy
Ratings 1 to 7
3-4-3, 1-1-7, 2-6-2

3. Somatotype Heath-Carter Anthropometric system:
Endomorphy (the first component) refers to relative fatness in physique.
Mesomorphy (the second component) refers to relative development of the musculo-skeletal system.
Ectomorphy (the third component) refers to relative linearity of physique.
Ratings 0.5 to >7

5. Predicting Performance, Size or Shape?
Olympic male javelin throwers and gymnasts
Same somatotype, different size

6. MALES
ENDO
MESO
ECTO
Canadian University Males
2.8
4.9
Professional Football
Running Backs
2.0
6.0
Lineman
4.0
7.0
1.0
Professional Hockey Players
2.7
Nordic Skiers
4.5
3.0
Olympic Athletes
Sprinters
1.6
5.0
400 m Runners
1.5
3.3
m Runners
4.2
3.6
5km & 10 km Runners
1.3
3.9
High & Long Jumpers
1.8
5.1
2.6
Shot, Discus, Hammer
3.5
7.1
Javelin
5.6
2.3
Cyclists
Canoeists
5.2
3.1
Basketball
4.3
Volleyball
Judo
6.4
Fencers
2.9
Field Hockey
4.7
Swimmers
2.1
Water Polo
5.3
Rowers
Weightlifters
2.4
7.7
0.8
Wrestlers
6.7
Boxers
1.7
Gymnasts
1.4
5.8
2.5

7. FEMALES
ENDO
MESO
ECTO
Canadian University Females
4.0
3.5
2.9
Nordic Skiers
4.3
2.3
Olympic Athletes
Sprinters
2.2
3.6
3.2
Middle Distance Runners
2.0
3.3
High & Long Jumpers
2.4
2.7
Shot & Discus
5.3
5.2
1.7
Javelin
3.0
3.7
3.1
Swimmers
3.8
Gymnasts
2.1
3.4
Canoeists
2.8
4.1
Rowers
3.9

8. Sport Specificity of Physique
Age, Height & Weight
Throwers and Distance Runners older than Sprinters and Jumpers
Maximum muscle mass is not achieved until about 23 or 24 years of age
Maturational differences
Maturation may enhance or detract from performance
Limbs become proportionally longer
Strength to mass changes

9. Sport Specificity of Physique
Many sport or activity specific requirements or consequences of training are predictable
Overload principle
Muscle and bone respond dynamically to mechanical stress or lack of it
Tennis player racquet arm larger muscle and bone width
Genetic
height for basketball and high jumping
late maturing for female gymnasts

10. Weight Training Greater potential for hypertrophy in the upper body

11. Sprinters Muscle Power African-American, Caribbean dominance
Large muscles
High % fast twitch
African-American, Caribbean dominance
Proportionally long limbs?
Proportionally narrow hips?

12. Marathoner Low weight for height Small muscles
1904
Marathoner
Low weight for height
Small muscles
No arm muscle
Calves well developed but not large
Exceptional cardio-respiratory delivery and oxygen utilization systems
2002

13. Cylist Lower body dominant muscle development
Size and performance requirements vary with event
Track sprinters
Often crossover of athletes with speed skating
Tour de France

14. Rowers Tall with proportionally long limbs
Although musculature shows no particular pattern, the Humerus (elbow) width disproportionately large in relation to femur width in every rower measured at the 1976 Olympic Games (over 50 males and 50 females)

15. Swimmers Fat athletes? Cold water None weight bearing
Physique requirements different for each event
Ian Thorpe multiple freestyle Olympic and World Champion had size 17 feet
Australian breaststroker disconsolate after hearing she is a fat athlete and that her taller freestyle team mate wants to use her as a chin rest

16. Gymnasts Female gymnasts Male gymnasts Pre-pubertal Small
Proportionally short limbs
High strength to mass ratio
Male gymnasts
Mature

17. Ice Skating Requirements: Technical Skills – Quadruple Spin Jumps
Artistry – Interpretation of the music
Elvis Stojko
Emanuel Sandhu

18. Ice Hockey Fast twitch fibres Lower body muscle development
Maximum muscle mass reached at about 23 to 24 years of age
Big 18 and 19 year olds brought into the NHL and who are expected to hit and be hit invariably have lingering back injuries in their 20’s

19. Predicting Strength
Best indicator of muscle strength is cross-sectional area of muscle
Force
X-sectional Area

20. Ga = G - (Π x S) S Where Ga = skinfold-adjusted girth G Ga
G = measured girth (cm)
S = skinfold thickness (cm)
Π = 3.14 G Ga
Assumes:
limb is perfectly circular with muscle as a perfect circle concentric to an annulus of subcutaneous adipose tissue
Depth of the annulus S is equal to the measured skinfold thickness

21. Max Grip Strength vs Skinfold adjusted Forearm Girth Kin 303 Students

22. Previous Kin 303 Project
Heel raises vs S.A. Calf Girth (r=0.95) in untrained university males
Good range in size
Highly standardized test
Small skill component
Motivation
Restricted Training Level
The more standardized the strength test the better the relationship with muscle size

23. Strength is muscle specific
Correlations of Strength tests with Skinfold-adjusted Girths
BPK 303 Male Students (n = 32)
Strength Test
Girth
Knee Hip Extension
Grip Strength
Skinfold-adjusted Arm
0.37
0.49
Skinfold-adjusted Forearm
0.43
0.74
Skinfold-adjusted Thigh
0.15
0.39
Skinfold-adjusted Calf
0.19
0.48

24. Quantification of Performance
Are the units of measurement those of the quality supposedly being assessed?
Standing Broad Jump
Distance jumped – Power test
Flexed Arm Hang
Time hanging – Muscular endurance test
Maximal Oxygen Uptake
l/min or ml/kg/min – Maximum rate of oxygen use

25. Standing Broad Jump Distance Jumped Muscular Power Body Weight
Height of Centre of Gravity
Angle of Take-Off
Skill - Arm Swing
Motivation

26. Flexed Arm Hang Time that set position is maintained
Muscular Endurance
Unequal test
People of different weights
Composition of weight may vary

27. Maximal Oxygen Uptake
Rate of consumption of oxygen during maximal work rate
Treadmill, Cycle Ergometer, Arm Crank Ergometer
Absolute VO2max l/min
Relative VO2max ml/kg/min
Which is the best indicator of fitness?