1. Variation in Human Size and Body Proportions
BPK303
Variation in Human Size and Body Proportions

2. Somatotype William Sheldon
Photoscopic ratings based on listed criteria
Endomorphy – Mesomorphy – Ectomorphy
Ratings 1 to 7
3-4-3, 1-1-7, 2-6-2

3. Lindsay Carter & Barbara Heath-Roll
Heath-Carter Anthropometric Somatotype
Endomorphy (the first component) refers to relative fatness in physique.
Mesomorphy (the second component) refers to relative development of the musculo-skeletal system.
Ectomorphy (the third component) refers to relative linearity of physique.
Ratings 0.5 to >7
Lindsay Carter & Barbara Heath-Roll
circa 1983

5. Extreme Ectomorphy
Dinka tribe of the Sudan are the most naturally ectomorphic ethnic group reported.
Manute Bol former NBA player with his then team mate Spud Webb

6. Comparison of Mean Somatotypes of Female Ethnic samples
Young Manus Females

7. KIN-Scale Proportionality Profile
KIN-Scale data composed of data from Kin 303 students
Means and SEMs of z-values for KIN-Scale Males (n=230) and Females (n=336)
Visual test of significance allows for a lot of information to be portrayed in one figure

8. Sexual Dimorphism in KIN-Scale subjects
No difference in proportional weight
Male-Female difference greatest in:
Triceps, Biceps, Front Thigh and Medial Calf Skinfolds
Secondary sexual adiposity

9. Sexual Dimorphism in KIN-Scale subjects

10. Representative Measures
Muscle Mass
Muscle X-sectional Area
Skinfold-Adjusted Arm Girth – Muscularity Indicator
Ga = G - (3.14xS) S G G Ga
S = Skinfold Thickness
G = Girth
Ga = Skinfold adjusted Girth

11. Girth adjusted for Skinfold at that site
s.a. Girth (cm) = Girth (cm) - (Π x Skinfold (mm) / 10)
Girth
Skinfold
s.a. Arm girth
Relaxed Arm Girth
Triceps
s.a. Chest girth
Chest
Subscapular
s.a. Thigh girth
Thigh
Front Thigh
s.a. Calf girth
Calf
Medial Calf
s.a. Forearm girth
Maximum Forearm
Forearm

12. Sexual Dimorphism in KIN-Scale subjects
s.a. Girths are Muscularity indicators
Greatest differences between the sexes in the upper body
Greatest potential for hypertrophy in the upper body
Muscularity profile is very sensitive to the specific activity of the individual

13. Sexual Dimorphism in KIN-Scale subjects
Proportionally larger sitting height in females
Males tend to have proportionally longer limbs.
Biggest difference in distal segments

14. Sexual Dimorphism in KIN-Scale subjects
Humerus to Femur Width differences reflects muscularity differences
Males have broader and deeper chests proportionally.
Classic hip-shoulder dimorphism:
Males proportionally wider shoulders
Females have proportionally wider hips

15. Shoulder-Hip Dimorphism
Sex N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Biacromial/Biiliocristal Breadth
Male 69
1.44
0.12
Female
115
1.31

16. (2nd digit length to 4th digit length ratio)
2D:4D Ratio
(2nd digit length to 4th digit length ratio)
Sex N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Male
136
0.947
0.029
Female
137
0.965
0.026
a Allison A. Bailey, Peter L. Hurda, Department of Psychology, University of Alberta. 2004 2D 4D

17. 2D:4D Ratio Ratio determined in utero Larger ratio in females
2D:4D is negatively correlated with prenatal testosterone and positively correlated with prenatal estrogen
Larger ratio in females
Married women had higher 2D:4D ratios than unmarried women
Significant negative associations were found between 2D:4D in men and reproductive success and significant positive relationships between 2D:4D in women and reproductive success
Found to be related to:
Aggression
Competitive success
Sexual orientation

19. Racial/Ethnic and Individual Differences
Chinese
South Asian
European