1. THE MONGOL SPLIT Who was who? Il-Khans Jagadai Timurids Golden Horde
Based in Persia, founded by Hülegü, a grandson of Genghis Khan, it controlled much of Iran and Iraq.
Timurids
Descendents of Timur, consolidate the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox, maintained empire for nearly a century, found the Mughal Empire in India.
Jagadai
Rose to power under the leadership of Timur; reunite central Asia; kept Turkish Influence in M.E.
Golden Horde
Founded by Genghis Khan’s grandson Batu, based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam.

2. THE MONGOL SPLIT
Who was who?

3. THE MONGOL SPLIT Conversion to Islam
In the 1260s, the Il-khan Mongol Empire controlled parts of Armenia and all of Azerbaijan, Mesopotamia, and Iran.
Relations between the Buddhist/shamanist Il-khan Mongols and their Muslim subjects were tense:
Mongols had murdered the last Abbasid caliph
Mongol religious beliefs and customs were contrary to those of Islam.

4. THE MONGOL SPLIT Conversion to Islam Effect on Politics
Russia was under the domination of the Golden Horde, led by Genghis Khan’s grandson Batu
Batu had converted to Islam and announced his intention to avenge the last caliph.
This led to the first conflict between Mongol domains.

5. THE MONGOL SPLIT Conversion to Islam Effect on Conflict
European leaders attempted to make an alliance with the Il-khans to drive the Muslims out of Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine
Il-khans sought European help in driving the Golden Horde out of the Caucasus.
These plans for an alliance never came to fruition because the Il-khan ruler Ghazan became a Muslim in 1295.

6. THE MONGOL SPLIT Effects of Tax Farming
The goal of the Il-Khan state was to collect as much tax revenue as possible (peaceful)
Deliver large amounts of grain, cash, and silk
Over taxation led to increases in the price of grain, a shrinking tax base, and a severe economic crisis – leads to rise of control of the Golden Horde…

7. Accomplishments for Islamic Il-Khans
THE MONGOL SPLIT
Accomplishments for Islamic Il-Khans
History
Juvani writes first history of Mongols; inspires the work of Rashid al-Din
Astronomy
Use epicycles to explain movement of moon…influence on Copernicus
Improvements to astronomy equipment (Astrolabes)
Collection of data (eclipses)
Math
Indian numerical system
Fractions and decimals
Accuracy of Pi

8. THE MONGOL SPLIT Reactions to Mongols Russia
The Golden Horde made their capital at the mouth of the Volga, which was also the end of the overland caravan route from Central Asia.
The Mongols ruled Russia “from afar,” leaving the Orthodox Church in place and using the Russian princes as their agents.
The main goal of the Golden Horde was to extract as much tax revenue as possible from their subjects.

9. THE MONGOL SPLIT Reactions to Mongols Russia (cont.)
Prince Alexander of Novgorod had assisted the Mongols in their conquest of Russia
The Mongols in turn favor Novgorod and Moscow (ruled by Prince Alexander’s brother).
The favor shown to Novgorod and Moscow cause the Russian population to shift from Kiev toward Novgorod and Moscow
Moscow emerges as the new center of the Russian civilization.

10. Golden Horde’s effect on Russia
THE MONGOL SPLIT
Golden Horde’s effect on Russia
Some believe that the Mongol domination has a negative effect
Brings economic depression and cultural isolation.
Others say Kievan state was already declining when the Mongols came:
The overtaxation of Russians under Mongol rule was the work of the Russian princes
Russia was isolated by the Orthodox church
The structure of Russian government did not change appreciably under Mongol rule.

11. THE MONGOL SPLIT Reactions to Mongols Ottoman Turkey
During the period of Mongol domination, Anatolia functioned as a route by which Islamic culture was transferred to Europe via Constantinople.
The Ottomans, who established themselves in eastern Anatolia in the 1300s but were kept in check by the Timurids, expanded eastward in the 1400s and conquered Constantinople in 1453.

12. THE MONGOL SPLIT Reactions to Mongols Mamluk Egypt
Government became stronger, more centralized in it’s resistance to Mongols
Military dictatorship that was successful in suppressing invaders (Il Khans)
Became a pillar of Sunni Islam
Had a longstanding alliance with Golden Horde (Russia)