1. Generators and Transformers
Physics 102: Lecture 11
Generators and Transformers
Add link to generator here: 1

2. Review: Induction Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law
Magnitude of induced EMF given by:
Lenz’s Law
If magnetic flux () through loop changes, an EMF is created in the loop to oppose the change in flux
EMF current (V=IR) induced B-field.
Flux decreasing => B-field in same direction as original
Flux increasing => B-field in opposite direction of original

3. Review: Magnetic Flux = B A cos(f) Units are T m2 = Wb B f
normal
f is angle between normal and B
3 things can change F:
Area of loop
Magnetic field B
Angle f between normal and B
Last
lecture
Today

4. Recall from last time the solenoid cannon
Self-Inductance
Recall from last time the solenoid cannon
Bsol
Changing current
Changing Bsol field
Changing  through itself!
 proportional to I:
Bind
“Inductance”
Induced EMF (voltage)
Recall Faraday’s law:
Direction
Given by Lenz’s Law
Opposes change in current!
Units: L =  t / I
1 H = 1V-sec/amp

5. Physical Inductor Inductor resists current change! l N = n l
Recall:  = NBA A N l
Recall: B = monI
Derivation is blank for them to fill in. Energy Eqn. is also blank.
(# turns) = (# turns/meter) x (# meters)
N = n l
Energy stored:
U = ½ LI2

6. Generators and EMF = B A cos(f)
A loop of wire is rotated (ex: by a steam engine turbine) in a uniform B field a b c d B f
normal f
normal B
86% got that the net force was zero, but then 65% thought it wouldn’t move. Could be confusion about move vs spin.
Demo 68: Big orange magnet and flip coil
= B A cos(f)
Loop normal rotates relative to B field
=> f changes => F changes => emf in loop
=> voltage generated!

7. Review (Phys 101): Rotation Variables v, , f, T
Velocity (v):
How fast a point moves.
Units: usually m/s
Angular Frequency ():
How fast something rotates.
Units: radians / sec w v v r
 = v / r
Frequency ( f ):
How fast something rotates.
Units: rotations / sec = Hz
Period (T):
How much time one full rotation takes.
Units: usually seconds
f =  / 2
T = 1 / f = 2 / 

8. Generator: flux  t = 0, F = AB (max) t > 0, F < AB Bv
t = 0, F = AB (max) B
t > 0, F < AB
t = T/4, F = 0
t > T/4, F < 0
t = T/2, F = –AB (min) 
Be sure to explain the wAB is constant, maximum emf, sin(wt) gives oscillation
-AB AB t
 = B A cos(f) = B A cos(t)

9. Generator: EMF e  f t = 0, F ~const, e = 0 B t > 0, F , e > 0v
t = 0, F ~const, e = 0 B
t > 0, F , e > 0
t = T/4, F , e (max)
t > T/4, F , e > 0
t = T/2, F ~const, e = 0 e t 
Be sure to explain the wAB is constant, maximum emf, sin(wt) gives oscillation
-AB AB
wAB
-wAB t
 = B A cos(t)
e =  B A sin(t)

10. Comparison: Flux vs. EMF
Flux is maximum
Most lines thru loop
EMF is minimum
Just before: lines enter from left
Just after: lines enter from left
No change! • x
Flux is minimum
Zero lines thru loop
EMF is maximum
Just before: lines enter from top.
Just after: lines enter from bottom.
Big change! • x

11. ACT: Generators and EMF
= w A B sin(f) • x • x • x f 2 3 1
At which time does the loop have the greatest emf (greatest / t)?
Comment on preflight 1 here. Case 1 is like A, no motional EMF. Case three is like B maximum EMF

12. ACT: EMF direction
In which direction does the current flow in wire a-b at the moment shown?
Side view d a a f n f n B B c b b
1) 2) EMF = )

13. Generators and Torque = w A B sin(f) I = w A B sin(f) / R Recall:
Voltage! t
Connect loop to resistance R use I=V/R:
I = w A B sin(f) / R f n v v I B
Recall:
t = A B I sin(f)
= w A2 B2 sin2(f)/R
No Free Energy!
Direction: use RHR1
Torque, due to current and B field, tries to slow spinning loop down.
Must supply external torque to keep it spinning at constant w

14. Generator
Example
A generator consists of a square coil of wire with 40 turns, each side is 0.2 meters long, and it is spinning with angular velocity w = 2.5 radians/second in a uniform magnetic field B=0.15 T. Calculate the maximum EMF and torque if the resistive load is 4W.
= NA B w sin(f) w •
= (40) (0.2)2 (0.15) (2.5)
= 0.6 Volts v v f x
t = NI A B sin(f)
= N2 w A2 B2 sin2(f)/R
= (40)2 (2.5) (0.2)4 (0.15)2/4
= Newton-meters
Note: Emf is maximum at f=90
Note: Torque is maximum at f=90

15. Power Transmission, Preflight 11.5
A generator produces 1.2 Giga watts of power, which it transmits to a town 7 miles away through power lines with a total resistance 0.01 ohms. How much power is lost in the lines if the energy is transmitted at 120 Volts?
Example
P = IV Power delivered by generator through lines
I = P/V = 1.2x109 W/120 V = 10,000,000 Amps in lines!
P = I2R Power lost in lines
= 10,000,0002 (.01) = 1.0 Giga Watt Lost in Lines!
Try this example for motivating power lines. Resistivity=10^-8 Ohm Meters. 1 inch square copper wire has about 0.1 ohm resistance in 7 km.
Large current is the problem. Since P=IV, use high voltage and low current to deliver power.
If V = 12,000 Volts, loose Giga Watts!

16. Transformers Key to Modern electrical system
Starting with 120 volts AC
Produce arbitrarily small voltages
Produce arbitrarily large voltages
Nearly 100% efficient
!!!Volt!!

17. Key to efficient power distribution
Transformers
Key to efficient power distribution
Increasing current in primary creates an increase in flux through primary and secondary.
iron ~ e Vp R Vs
Same DF/Dt
(primary)
(secondary) NS NP
Energy conservation! IpVp = IsVs

18. Preflight 11.6
The good news is you are going on a trip to France. The bad news is that in France the outlets have 240 volts. You remember from P102 that you need a transformer, so you wrap 100 turns around the primary. How many turns should you wrap around the secondary if you need 120 volts out to run your hair dryer?
iron
1) 50 2) ) 200 ~ e Vp R Vs
(primary)
(secondary) NS NP

19. ACT: Transformers iron Vp Vs
A 12 Volt battery is connected to a transformer transformer that has a 100 turn primary coil, and 200 turn secondary coil. What is the voltage across the secondary after the battery has been connected for a long time?
(primary)
(secondary) NS NP
1) Vs = 0 2) Vs = ) Vs = 12 4) Vs = 24

20. Mutual Inductance AC Generator Changing current in P
Primary
Coil
Secondary
AC Generator
Changing current in P
Changing B-field thru P
Changing B-field thru S
Changing  thru S
S proportional to IP:
“Mutual Inductance”
Demo 67
Induced EMF (voltage) in S
Recall Faraday’s law:
Demo

21. Questions to Think About
In a transformer the side with the most turns always has the larger peak voltage. (T/F)
In a transformer the side with the most turns always has the larger peak current. (T/F)
In a transformer the side with the most turns always dissipates the most power. (T/F)
Which of the following changes will increase the peak voltage delivered by a generator
Increase the speed it is spinning.
Increase the area of the loop.
Increase the strength of the magnetic field.