1. UNIT 2 NOTES: ORGANELLES

2. (1) Nucleus Stores DNA / Chromosomes Covered in Nuclear Envelope
Nucleolus makes ribosomes
“Controls” cell

5. (2) Endoplasmic Reticulum
Lipid production + assembly
Protein assembly
Lipid + Protein export

8. (3) Ribosome
Protein production
Works with DNA andRNA

9. (4) Golgi Body / Apparatus
Modify, Sort & Package Proteins
Take materials made in endoplasmic reticulum Package to be shipped to other areas of the cell, or to be secreted out of the cell!

12. (5) Mitochondrion Convert chemical energy stored in food, into ATP.
Undergo Cellular Respiration.

15. (6) Chloroplast
Convert light energy from the sun, into stored energy in food.
Undergo photosynthesis.

18. (7) Lysosome
Filled with enzymes (Lysozyme) that digest/break down lipids, carbs, proteins and other molecules into smaller forms.
Digest “useless” cell parts.

20. (8) Peroxisome Contain catalase (enzyme) Break down hydrogen peroxide.
H.Peroxide is produced during lipid metabolism.

21. (9) Centriole / Centrosome
Centrioles are unique to animal cells.
Centrioles organize DNA during replication + division.
Centrosomes produce microtubules like centrioles.
Centrosomes also help w/division in plant cells.

23. Vacuole
Storage sac for materials like water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates.
Plants use them to maintain structure.

25. (11) Cell Membrane Outer covering on all cells.
Made of a phospholipid bilayer.
Controls what enters + leaves the cell.

28. (12) Cell Wall More structured outer covering on some cells.
Often made of cellulose.
Provides additional structure + rigidity to cells.

31. PLANT VS. ANIMAL CELLS

32. Both Animal Cells Only Plant Cells Only Centrioles
Only the Cell Membrane on the outside
Only Mitochondria
Little tiny vacuoles
Peroxisomes
Eukaryotic Cells
Nucleus
Ribosomes ER
Golgi Body
Lysosomes
Centrosomes
Cell Wall around the Cell Membrane
Chloroplasts AND Mitochondria
Enormous Vacuoles

41. Endosymbiotic Theory

42. (1) Endosymbiotic Theory
Modern eukaryotic cells evolved from free-living prokaryotic cells living symbiotically with larger unicellular organisms.
Symbiotically??
The cells lived and worked together because they benefited from the relationship.

43. (2) Summarizing the Theory
Chloroplasts + Mitochondria were once free-living bacterial cells (prokaryotes).
The chloroplasts + mitochondria benefited from living with larger prokaryotes.
The larger prokaryotes took the chloroplasts + mitochondria inside their cell.
TA-DA!  The Modern Day Eukaryotic Cell

46. (3) Evidence for the Theory
Chloroplasts, Mitochondria, ….
Have their own fully developed cell membranes.
Have their own copy of DNA.
Can replicate themselves, all on their own.
They have their own ribosomes.
They produce their own proteins.
They can exist/survive on their own w/o a larger cell.

47. (4) Other Examples Like This…
Bobtailed Squid + Glowing Bacteria
Aphids + Digestive Bacteria
Spotted Salamander + Algae