1. DOSIMETRY MEASUREMENT FOR INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
GRACE ATEKA
KENYA BUREAU OF STANDARDS
DOSIMETRYLABORATORY
4th DECEMBER WHITE SANDS MOMBASA

2. Presented by Grace Ateka-KEBS
WHAT IS DOSIMETRY?
Dosimetry is the science of dose measurements.
Dosimetry is essentially how much radiation exposure you get from substances or machines that produce radiation
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Presented by Grace Ateka-KEBS

3. Presented by Grace Ateka-KEBS
A BRIEF ON RADIATION
Radiation is any transmission of energy through space
During the transmission it can interact with matter and transfer their energy.
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4. Presented by Grace Ateka-KEBS
A BRIEF ON RADIATION
Radiation is permanently present throughout the environment, in the air, water, food, soil and in all living organisms.
Large proportion of radiation dose are received from natural environmental sources
Each person in the world is exposed to an average of 2.4 mSv/yr of ionizing radiation from natural sources
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Presented by Grace Ateka-KEBS

5. CLASSIFICATION OF RADIATION
Ionizing Radiation - Enough energy to detach electrons from atoms i.e. the process of ionization
Examples x-ray, gamma rays, high energy UV
Non-ionizing Radiation-Does not have enough energy to completely remove an electron from an atom.
Examples- radio waves, microwaves, infrared
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6. ELECTROMAGNET SPECTRUM
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7. KEBS main focus SSDL (Secondary standards dosimetry laboratory) is on ionizing radiation

8. Presented by Grace Ateka-KEBS
KEBS SSDL OBJECTIVE
The main goal is ensure that equipments used for measurements are accurate.
To ensure that exposure resulting from medical and industrial process are accurate.
To ensure traceability of measurements to international standards
To maintain dosimetry unit of measurements (Gray and Sievert)
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Presented by Grace Ateka-KEBS

9. DOSIMETRY MEASUREMENT FOR INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
To support industrial development and meet the above discussed objectives the laboratory has
Caesium calibration system
X-ray calibration system
Radiotracer Lab-an upcoming project
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Presented by Grace Ateka-KEBS

10. Presented by Grace Ateka-KEBS
Cs-137 Laboratory
Cs-137 emits gamma rays
The half-life of cesium-137 is 30 years
Gamma beam Irradiator
Cs137 source 647 GBq
A HOPEWELL DESIGNS Inc control unit
Ionization chamber
Electrometer PTW UNIDOS
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Presented by Grace Ateka-KEBS

11. X-Ray Calibration System:
X-ray is high-energy electromagnetic wave
X-ray is highly penetrating
X-Ray calibration system
225 kVp – 30 mA
Quality N40, N60, N80, N100, N120,N150 and N200
Ionization chamber standard, type A4
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Presented by Grace Ateka-KEBS

12. Radiotracer measurement lab
A radioactive tracer, or radioactive label, is a chemical compound in which one or more atoms have been replaced by a radioisotope
by virtue of its radioactive decay it can be used to explore the mechanism of chemical reactions by tracing the path that the radioisotope follows from reactants to products
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Presented by Grace Ateka-KEBS

13. Examples of Radiotracers
Antimony-124, bromine-82, iodine-125, iridium-192, scandium-46, technetium-99, silver-110m, argon-44, xenon-133
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Presented by Grace Ateka-KEBS

14. Presented by Grace Ateka-KEBS
Radiotracer in brief
In this technique, radiotracer is injected into a plant and radiation levels at specific points measured and analysis is done
The aim is to
To trouble shoot-to detect cracks in the plant
Investigate flow patterns
Determine efficiency
Enhance quality
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Presented by Grace Ateka-KEBS

15. Image of radiotracer experiment
Radiotracer injected
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16. Presented by Grace Ateka-KEBS
CALIBRATION PROCESS:
Environmental
condition
Pre-Irradiation
Nulling
Issue
Certificate
Analysis of results
Measurements
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17. ENVINROMENTAL CONDITIONS DURING CALIBRATION
The temperature should be controlled to remain within ºc
The temperature changes should be within 1ºC/h
Correction must be done for any fluctuation.
Relative humidity should be below 80%
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Presented by Grace Ateka-KEBS

18. EQUIPMENT CALIBRATED :
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19. Presented by Grace Ateka-KEBS
RADIATION PROTECTION
1. Minimize time, Dose = dose rate x time
2. Maximize distance
3. Incorporate shielding
ALARA
As Low As Reasonably Achievable—means making every reasonable effort to maintain exposures to radiation as far below the dose limits as is practicable consistent with the purpose for which the licensed activity is undertaken, taking into account the state of technology, the economics of improvements in relation to the state of technology, the economics of improvements in relation to benefits to the public health and safety, and other societal and socioeconomic considerations, and in relation to utilization of nuclear energy and licensed materials in the public interest.
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Presented by Grace Ateka-KEBS

20. APPLICATION OF IONIZING RADIATION
MEDICAL
INDUSTRIAL
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MEDICAL APPLICATION
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Mammography : diagnostic procedure to detect brest tumours.
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Computed tomography image
(CT scan) .
This is a CT image which has been Processed by computer so that only
the bones and the muscles are shown.
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24. Presented by Grace Ateka-KEBS
X rays-dental imaging and other body parts
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Radiotherapy
A linear accelerator generates x-rays. It rotates around the body, irradiating the tumour from all directions
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Fluoroscopy obtaining real time images of internal organs of a patient.
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27. INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION
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28. Non Destructive Testing-xray
It allows defects and cracks to be detected.
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29. Security-xray
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30. Roads – determine the depth of material
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31. Presented by Grace Ateka-KEBS
Food irradiation
Eliminates or reduce bacteria in raw meats,
fruits, vegetables and other foods
safe and fast,
effective against microorganisms,
able to penetrate the packaging and the product and
to act against all microorganisms present inside
Extend freshness
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32. Other applications of radiation include
Checking the level of liquids in industries that manufacture liquids
Radiotracer technique-to determine the flow rate and defects in plants
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CONCLUSION
Equipments used for radiation measurements should be calibrated to ensure Accuracy and Traceability. This will enhance safety , quality and efficiency in industries
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34. Any questions??
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35. Thank you very much for your attention
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Presented by Grace Ateka-KEBS