1. Soil Formation

2. What is soil?
Soil is the loose covering of broken rock particles and decaying organic matter, called humus, overlying the bedrock of Earth’s surface

3. Why is soil important? Essential for all life on Earth!
We are dependent upon plants, which grow in soil, for food and other basic needs (clothes, etc)
Other things provided by soil: oxygen from plants, meat from animals dependent on plants for food, filters out pollutants

4. What lives in soil? All kinds of animals; including: Moles
Earthworms (night crawlers)
Nemotode (Round worms)
Root fungus
Bacteria

5. How Soil Forms…
Starts when physical or chemical weathering occurs, breaking rock into smaller and smaller pieces
Organisms like bacteria and fungi live on the smaller pieces of rock
Over time, the organisms die, decay, and add organic material to the soil.

6. Soil Profile
During soil formation, soil develops layers. A soil profile is a vertical sequence of soil layers.
Poorly developed soils show little distinction between layers.

7. Soil Profile
A distinct layer, or zone, within a soil profile is called a soil horizon.
Three major soil horizons: A, B, and C
High concentrations of organic material and humus are found in Horizon A

8. Soil Profile
Horizon B contains subsoil that is enriched with clay material
May be red or brown in color as a result of iron oxides
Accumulation of clay in B horizon can lead to the formation of hardpan, a very dense layer that may allow little to no water to pass through
Horizon A
Horizon B

9. Soil Profile Horizon C contains weathered parent material
All horizons may not be present in a given soil
Horizon C

10. Soil Profile
Horizon R is solid parent bedrock and is the last layer of the soil horizons
Horizon R Bedrock Layer

11. Soil Texture
Relative proportions of different sized particles (clay, silt, and sand) determine a soil’s texture
The texture of a soil affects its capacity to retain moisture and its ability to support plant growth

12. Soil Fertility
Soil fertility is a measure of how well a soil can support the growth of plants
Factors that affect fertility include:
(1) availability of minerals and nutrients
(2) number of microorganisms present
(3) amount of precipitation available
(4) Topography
(5) Level of acidity