1. How to Study for Exams
Space your review out over several days, don’t try to do it all at once.
Focus on Understanding not Memorization
Step 1: Identify the information to be tested.
complete review guide,
read over notes provided by teacher
review Quizlet if available
Step 2: Identify what you don’t know (this is what you should spend the most time with)
Write down questions you have about this material
Seek out the answers to these questions
Step 3: Learning is active, do something with the material you need to master (don’t just re-read)
Write your own review questions, then answer them
Chunk the material and write summaries
Make flash cards
Draw a picture of the information
Create graphic notes (venn diagrams, flow charts, web maps, timelines)
Rank the information (by importance, based on your comfort, least interesting to most)
Step 4: Learning is social, Review with a friend or parent
Quiz each other on the material
Take turns reading your summaries
Explain your notes to them, teach the material
Compare your answers to the review guide- identify difference and look up the information to see who is right.

2. Chapter 11 Creating Executive Departments
One of the first jobs of the New Congress was to establish executive departments to run the government
5 departments were created by the first Congress
Department of War- oversee the defense of the nation
Treasury Department- oversee the nations finances
State Department- builds relationships with foreign countries
Attorney General (Justice department) legal advisor to the President
Postmaster general- head of postal system
The heads or Secretaries of these departments became Washington’s first cabinet
Secretary of War- Henry Knox
Secretary of Treasury- Alexander Hamilton
Secretary of State- Thomas Jefferson

3. Washington’s Farewell Address
Whiskey Rebellion: a revolt by farmers in 1794 against an excise tax on whiskey
Excise tax: tax on goods produced in the country
This tax made it expensive for farmers west of the App Mts to produce whiskey
Whiskey was produced west of the App Mts, because it was easier to transport over the Mts then grain (whiskey was not a luxury for these farmers)
Farmers in the west relied on the whiskey for transportation reasons, so they refused to pay the excise tax on whiskey
The government viewed these events as a threat to the new governments authority
Washington responded with 13,000 militia men to crush the rebellion that challenged the young nations ability to enforce laws and threatened the government authority
Washington’s Farewell Address
2 warnings
Avoid forming political parties (they will tear the country apart)
“spirit of the party”- could lead to civil war
Conflicting ideas exist in all governments, and can be dangerous
Stay out of foreign affairs and avoid alliances (neutrality and isolationism) the US was not prepared for war

4. Washington’s accomplishments
Country was unified
Government was organized- up and running (executive departments established)
3 new states added (Vermont, Kentucky and Tennessee)
Nation was at peace (successful end to Whiskey Rebellion)
Built up the nations economy
Federal government assumed war debt
Assumption the act of taking possession of something (the federal government took possession of the states war debts)
National Bank
Created as part of Alexander Hamilton’s economic plan
Hamilton wanted to promote business and trade, pay off war debt, and establish a bank to help with the governments financial responsibilities
Collect tax money
Print money
Provide loans for business to grow the economy
Loose Construction: a broad interpretation of the Constitution, meaning that Congress has powers beyond those specifically given in the constitution
Federalists like Hamilton believed that there is room to read between the lines in the Constitution and the “elastic clause” gives Congress powers that are not listed
Used to create the National Bank that would (collect tax money, print money, give loans)
Strict Construction: a narrow interpretation of the Constitution, meaning that congress has only those powers specifically given in the Constitution
Republicans like Jefferson believed that the Constitution meant exactly what it said and expanding powers of the government would be dangerous

5. Alien and Sedition Acts: 4 controversial laws that made it more difficult for immigrants to become citizens and easier to deport immigrants from the country. One law made it a crime to speak against the government
Sedition Act
made it a the crime to speak, write , or publish “false, scandalous and malicious” criticisms of the government
Sedition Act violated the first amendment- attack on free speech
Alien Acts-
3 laws about non-citizens of the US
Increase the time needed to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years
Made it easy to deport immigrants
Made it easy to jail immigrants who were suspected of activities that threaten the government
Seen as a federalist attack on Republicans

6. Response to Alien and Sedition Act,
States’ rights theory:
The theory that rights not specifically given to the federal government by the constitution remain with the states
Used to fight the Alien and Sedition Acts by 2 states
Kentucky
Virginia
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions: Nullified the Alien and Sedition Acts
Response to Alien and Sedition Act,
states tried to nullify (refuse to recognize) these laws.
Raise the question of states’ right the theory that rights not given to the federal government remain with the states
Do states have the power to nullify federal (national) law?
These resolutions died without support from other states
The question of states’ rights is not answered

7. Added to the constitution to prevent ties in Presidential Elections
12th Amendment
The electoral college uses separate ballots for voting on President and Vice President
Added to the constitution to prevent ties in Presidential Elections
Election of 1800
Jefferson (candidate for President) tied with Burr (candidate for Vice President)
The House of Representatives decided the tie
Took 6 days and 35 ballots to determine a winner
Election of Thomas Jefferson 1800
Peaceful Revolution
1st time in World History power of government changed hands without war
US government transitioned from Federalist to Republican control
Serious differences in political opinion were resolved without violence, as a new political party took control of the country
Upon taking office Jefferson tries to bring together Federalists and Republicans who can all agree the US is united in common law for the common good.

8. Bankers, factory owners, merchants Farmers, factory workers
The first political parties were divided over how large and powerful the federal (national) government should be
Federalists
Republicans
A. Hamilton
T. Jefferson
Bankers, factory owners, merchants
Farmers, factory workers
Wealthy/ educated should run country
Common man should run country
Strong National Government
Weak National Government
Weak state governments
Strong state governments
Economy based on industry (trade, manufacturing, business)
Economy based on agriculture
Supported France (revolution for democracy- worth the fight)
Supported Great Britain (to grow business/trade relationship)
Supported state banks (strict construction)
Supported National Bank (loans for business)
Supported free trade to help export cash crops
Supported tariffs to help grow industry