1. Early Attempts at Colonial Unity

2. Slavery Does not work out early on What changes?? Middle passage
Indentured servants are cheaper
Low life expectancy
What changes??
Rise of English wages
Life expectancy increases
Slave for life
Royal African Company loses monopoly of slave trade
More profitable
Middle passage

3. Colonial class structure
Social hierarchy
Birth less important then in Europe
Land ownership less important
Wealth is most important
Elite close off entry
Social mobility much easier
Social pyramid
Slaves
Indentured servants/jail birds
Manual workers/hired hands
Farmers (land owning)
Lesser professionals
Aristocrats, planters, merchants, lawyers, clergymen

4. “We began with freedom”- Ralph Emerson

5. New England Confederation 1643
Alliance between the New England colonies (minus Rhode Island & Maine)
Protection
Settle boundary disputes
Created by delegates from each colony
Established commissioners (two from each colony)

6. King Philips War ( )
First major battle between Native Americans since Pequot War in New England
Opened up the fur trade between Indians and Colonists
Encroachments on Indian lands- Wampanoag
English attempt to convert the Indians
“Praying towns”- abandon cultural practices
John Sassamon- “praying Indian” graduated from Harvard
Huge losses for the Indians
Lack of leadership
Lack of unity
Colonies unified

7. Turmoil in England
Restoration (1660)
Charles II and James II want absolute Monarchy
Oliver Cromwell turns away from New England
English Bill of Rights limits the power of the monarchy
Establish SALUTARY NEGLECT

8. Trade & Navigation Acts
Mercantilism- exist for the good of the mother country
Provide materials for England
Markets for England
Balance of trade
Keep everything “in house”
System turns into laws

9. 1651, 1660, 1696
Needed to be transported by English ships by English crews
Enumerated commodities (tobacco, sugar, indigo, sugar, rice, ginger) could only be sent to England; then transported elsewhere
Foreign goods had to come through England WHY??
Certain items could not be created in the colonies; MUST create the commodities needed for England
Started out being beneficial for all

10. Effects of the Navigation acts
England gets a monopoly
Colonists resent, resist, rebel
Smuggling runs rampant
Tobacco sent directly to Netherlands
Benefit VA/MD
English couldn’t enforce
Civil War
Commercial War with Dutch
Glorious Revolution

11. Effects of Acts on the colonies
Stunted industrial growth
Agriculture goods were forced to abide by price restrictions
Colonies pay inflated prices

12. Restoration
Charles II orders MA to accept royal officers to enforce the Trade and Navigation acts
MA decline… OF COURSE DUH
Sends Charles II cranberries, hogs, fish
“We humbly conceive that the laws of England are bounded within the four seas and do not reach America”
England revokes the charter
Dominion of New England (Maine to New Jersey)
“suppose” to protect the colonist from Indian attacks
Put stronghold on the colonies

13. Edmund Andros Placed in charge of the Dominion of New England
Charters revoked
Assemblies disbanded
Town meetings banned
Colonist taxed
Church of England established as the state church of the colonies
Examples
English government had to accept deeds
Anglican marriages legal
Must teach school using royal curriculum
Town meetings once a year

14. Glorious Revolution
James II
Divine rights of Kings
Favored Catholics
William and Mary placed in charge
New officials placed in charge of the colonies; some rights regained
Andros is imprisoned in Boston
Not very well liked by the colonists

15. New York and Leisler Revolt
Takes control of New York after the Glorious Revolution
Arrested and executed

16. Queen Anne
Comes after William and Mary
Dies in 1714
Replaced by George I and George II
English Prime Minister, Robert Walpole
“a wise and salutary neglect”
Allow the colonies to trade freely