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Chapter 13 Genetic Engineering
Changing the Living World (pp ) Manipulating DNA (pp ) Cell Transformation (pp ) Applications of Genetic Engineering (pp ) Updated March 2006 Created by C. Ippolito May 2005
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Chapter 13 Section 1 Changing the Living World
Objectives: Describe two techniques used in selective breeding Explain the purpose of selective breeding Tell why breeders induce mutations Updated March 2006 Created by C. Ippolito May 2005
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Selective Breeding Allowing organisms with desired characteristics to produce the next generation. Domestic animals Crop plants Luther Burbank – potato resistant to blight Hybridization – crossing dissimilar individuals to combine the best of both Inbreeding – continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics Risk of developing genetic defects Most “pure” breeds of dogs have some medical “problems” Updated march 2006 Created by C. Ippolito May 2005
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Hybrid Breeds Whoodle Doodleman Updated march 2006
Created by C. Ippolito May 2005
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Pure Breeds Samoyed Papillon Updated march 2006 Created by C. Ippolito
May 2005
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Increasing Variation Breeders can increase genetic variations by inducing mutations Mutagens – increase chance of spontaneous mutations Chemicals Radiation Oil eating bacteria Polyploidy in plants extra sets of chromosomes Updated march 2006 Created by C. Ippolito May 2005
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Chapter 13 Section 2 Manipulating DNA
Objectives: Explain how scientists manipulate DNA Updated March 2006 Created by C. Ippolito May 2005
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Genetic Engineering Making changes in the DNA code of living organisms: DNA extraction – remove DNA from cells Cutting DNA – restriction enzymes look for specific bases and cut DNA into pieces Separating DNA – gel electrophoresis separates DNA pieces by size Small fragments move farther than large fragments Updated march 2006 Created by C. Ippolito May 2005
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Restriction Enzymes Updated march 2006 Created by C. Ippolito May 2005
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Gel Electrophoresis Patterns can be used to identify individuals
Updated march 2006 Created by C. Ippolito May 2005
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DNA Sequencing different enzymes used to cut DNA
Identify order of bases Now done by automated computer process Updated march 2006 Created by C. Ippolito May 2005
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Polymerase Chain Reaction
PCR allow multiple copies making sequencing even easier Updated march 2006 Created by C. Ippolito May 2005
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Chapter 13 Section 3 Cell Transformation
Objectives: Summarize what happens during transformation Explain how you can tell if a transformation experiment has been successful Updated March 2006 Created by C. Ippolito May 2005
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Cell Transformation cell takes in DNA from outside the cell.
external DNA becomes part of the cell’s DNA Updated march 2006 Created by C. Ippolito May 2005
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Transforming Bacteria
foreign DNA joined to a plasmid genetic marker – allows researchers to find bacteria with foreign DNA Updated march 2006 Created by C. Ippolito May 2005
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Chapter 13 Section 4 Applications of Genetic Engineering
Objectives: Describe the usefulness of some transgenic organisms to humans Summarize the main steps in cloning Updated March 2006 Created by C. Ippolito May 2005
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Transgenic Organisms Transgenic Organism
organisms that contain genes from another organism Transgenic Bacteria make human insulin make human growth hormone Transgenic Plants make own insecticides immune to weed killing chemicals Transgenic Animals with growth hormone – grow faster chickens resistant to bacterial infections Updated march 2006 Created by C. Ippolito May 2005
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Cloning Clone genetically identical cells produced from a single cell
genetically identical to parent from whom cell was taken Try it! Updated march 2006 Created by C. Ippolito May 2005
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