1. Action strengths
State values
Prediction error

5. 1 2 3 4

6. Extension 1: Support for representing option identifiers

9. White & Wise, Exp Br Res, 1999
(See also: Assad, Rainer & Miller, 2000; Bunge, 2004; Hoshi, Shima & Tanji, 1998; Johnston & Everling, 2006; Wallis, Anderson & Miller, 2001; White, 1999…)

10. Miller & Cohen, Ann. Rev. Neurosci, 2001

12. From Curtis & D’Esposito, TICS, 2003, after Funahashi et al. , J
From Curtis & D’Esposito, TICS, 2003, after Funahashi et al., J. Neurophysiol,1989.

13. Fuster, Neuron, 2001

14. Extension 2: Option-specific policies

17. Bear, Connors, & Paradiso, 2001

18. O’Reilly & Frank, Neural Computation, 2006

19. Aldridge & Berridge, J Neurosci, 1998

20. Extension 3: Option-specific state values

22. Kringelbach, Nature Rev Neurosci, 2005

23. Padoa-Schioppa & Assad, Nature, 2006

24. Schoenbaum, et al. J Neurosci. 1999
See also: O’Doherty, Critchley, Deichmann, Dolan, 2003

25. Extension 4: Temporal scope of the prediction error

27. Schoenbaum, Roesch & Stalnaker, TICS, 2006

28. Roesch, Taylor & Schoenbaum, Neuron, 2006

29. Daw, NIPS, 2003

36. --- objectives/overview
-- actor-critic as link to brain
-- HRL implementation in actor-critic
-- opportunity to further introduce hrl and brain…
-- apologies to both 1/2s of the audience (for covering stuff each learned in 1st year grad school)

37. --- Overview of actor critic -- main putative neural correlates
-- then talk about 4 changes demanded by HRL
-- 1. option rep’n
-- 2. (actor) option-specific policies (and selection of options)
-- 3 (critic) option-specific value functions
-- 4 (critic) change in scope of prediction error
…then move on to neural correlates…
“selective activity in OFC did not consistently represent the identity of particular odors, the motivational characteristics of the associated reinforcer, or preparation for the motoric response. Instead it would appear that the selective activity in OFC during accurate performance represents the integration of information regarding the significance of a particular cue (or cues) with subsequent behavior.”

38. Additional questions: --Hierarchical representations in PFC?
-- Origins of options (subgoals)?
-- Purposive vs. habit?