1. Hunters and Gatherers
Prior to 11,000 BC all peoples on all continents were hunter-gatherers.
11,000 BC AD different rates of development on each continent.
The spread of humans around the world.
How do we know? Archaeology

2. Centers of origin of food production
Area
Date
Domesticated
Plants
Animals
S.W. Asia
8,500 B.C.
Wheat, Pea,
Olive
Sheep, Goat
China
7,500 B.C.
Rice, Millet
Pig, Silkworm
Mesoamerica
3500 B.C.
Corn,Beans
Squash
Turkey
Andes,
Amazonia
Potato
Manioc
Llama
Guinea pig
Eastern United States
2500 B.C.
Sunflower,
Goosefoot
None
A question mark indicates this may be an origin or influenced by the spread of food production.

3. Mammalian Candidates for Domestication
Eurasia
Sub-Saharan Africa
Americas
Australia
Candidates 72 51 24 1
Domesticated species 13
Percentage of candidates domesticated
18% 0% 4%
Why some animals were not domesticated:
Diet, bad feed conversion or carnivores.
Growth rate too slow.
Problems with captive breeding.
Nasty disposition.
Tendency to panic.

4. Domestication of Animals
Species
Dates
B.C.
Place
Dog
10,000
Southwest Asia, China, North America
Sheep
8,000
Southwest Asia
Goat
Pig
China, Southwest Asia
Cow
6,000
Southwest Asia, India
Horse
4,000
Ukraine
Donkey
Egypt
Water buffalo
China
Llama / alpaca
3,500
Andes
Bactrian camel
2,500
Central Asia
Arabian camel
Arabia

5. Fertile Crescent
Civilization; cities, writing, empires, and agriculture.
Mediterranean climate.
Easily domesticated plants.
Most of the plants pollinate themselves.

6. Mediterranean Climate

7. Why farm? Decline in the availability of wild foods.
Depletion of wild game less rewarding, easier to gather grains.
Increased technology for collecting, processing, and storing wild foods.
Increasing population, increase food production, better diet.
Adopt food production or die at the hand of those who have. (soldiers & germs)

8. Domestic Mammals Meat production plus! Evolution with humans milk
transportation
plowing
wool
hides
Evolution with humans
immunity to diseases (measles, tuberculosis, smallpox, flu, pertussis, malaria)

9. Major axes of the continents