1. DNA and Applied Genetics

2. Chromosomes & DNA All living things are made of cells.
Nucleus
All living things are made of cells.
Cells contain a nucleus (control center of a cell)
Nucleus contains chromosomes (X).
Chromosomes are made up of DNA.
Animal Cell
DNA

3. DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid
1953 – Watson and Crick discovered the structure of DNA
Basic substance of heredity
It’s what makes up chromosomes
Stores and passes on genetic information
Watson & Crick – movie (4:04min)

4. Structure of DNA Looks like a twisted ladder – double helix
Stairs = nitrogen base pairs
A = Adenine
T = Thymine
G = Guanine
C = cytosine
A always with T
G always with C
Rails = sugar phosphate

5. Structure of DNA Order of nitrogen bases determines genes
Different chromosomes contain different amounts of genes.
Change to the order = mutation
Negative, Positive or Neutral
Knowing which chromosome is affected makes it easier to identify the mutation.

6. DNA Replication Process: 1. 3. 2.
Replication = process of making new copies of DNA.
Occurs during interphase
This is how mutations grow and/or get passed on:
Body cells (Mitosis) – cancer
Sex cells (Meiosis) – extra finger
Process:
1. Ladder unzips between base pairs
2. Free floating bases pair up with original unzipped DNA.
3. Two exact copies are now created. 1. 3. 2.

7. Applied Genetics
With the knowledge of DNA and genetics scientists have been able to apply the principles to medicine and agriculture.
Plant and Animal Breeding
Stronger, healthier, faster, smaller, taller
Genetic Engineering
New or better medicine
Disease resistant and weather hardy agriculture
Applied Genetics movie: 2:24min

8. Plant and Animal Breeding
Selective breeding – process used to produce desirable traits.
Used with both plants and animals.
larger in size
produce more food
more resistant to diseases

9. Selective Breeding - Wheat
Which wheat plant was selectively bred?
What trait was selectively bred for?
Why would this be a desirable trait? B
Larger grain numbers per plant
More crop per growing season A. B.

10. Plant and Animal Breeding
Hybridization - Getting desired traits by combining two or more different traits.
Use two genetically different but related species.
Best traits of both parents
Mule = female horse + male donkey.

11. Hybridization - Mule
Can produce offspring with better traits than parents
Stronger or healthier – hybrid vigor
Vigor = strength or health.
Mule:
Advantages:
more endurance than horse
stronger than the donkey.
Disadvantages:
Sterile – unable to reproduce

12. Plant and Animal Breeding
Inbreeding - Crossing of the same or similar sets of genes.
Offspring will have same or similar traits as parents.
Keeps breeds pure.
Negative: Reduces an offspring’s chance of inheriting new gene combinations.
evolution.berkeley.edu/

13. Inbreeding - Cheetah Disadvantages:
cause organism to be more susceptible to certain diseases or changes in the environment.
Cheetahs – almost all genetically identical
Cheetah Range Map (Africa & W Asia) ©

14. Plant and Animal Breeding
Cloning - Used to make an animal that has the same nuclear DNA as another currently living or previously existing animal.
not truly an identical clone of the donor animal.
Only the clone's nuclear DNA is the same as the donor.
Dolly was the first organism to have been cloned (sheep).

15. Process of Cloning

16. When Cloning Goes Wrong!