1. Political Geography

2. POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY
Governmental units of the world can be described in either political or geographical terms
State (Political term)= Country

3. We use the term state to describe an independent unit that occupies a specific territory and has full control of its internal and external affairs.
State = Spain

4. Often the term “country” is used to mean state.
State = Country = India

5. Political Geography
Almost all of the earth’s land unit is included in such units.
The only exception is Antarctica which has neither a permanent population nor an established government.
However, parts of Antarctica are claimed by certain countries.

7. Nation refers to a group of people with a common culture living in a territory and having a strong sense of unity.

8. Political Geography
As a result, nations share one or more important cultural traits such as religion, language, history, values and political institutions.
Nations have an attachment to a particular territory and their identity is intimately associated with that territory.

9. Nation-state: this is when the territory of a state is occupied by only one distinct nation or people. In that case, there are no important minority groups.

10. Political Geography
Japan, Denmark, and Poland are examples of nation-states.
Such an arrangement minimizes conflicts, and makes for strong states.
On the other hand, there are strong states with sizeable minorities.
The existence of such states is that the sizeable minorities have safe ways to express themselves.

11. Palestinians live within
Many countries of the world are nation-states. However, it is possible for a nation not to have a territory. When that happens, the group without a territory is called a stateless nation.
Palestinians live within
the nation of Israel.

12. Kurdish children living within
Examples of stateless nations include Palestinians, Kurds, and Basques.
Kurdish children living within
the borders of Iraq.

13. Types of Governments: Democracy or Republic: Citizens hold political power, either directly or indirectly or through elected representatives. Example: the United States.

14. Monarchy: A ruling family headed by a king or queen holds political power and may or may not share the power with citizen bodies. Example: the United Kingdom or Saudi Arabia.
Queen Elizabeth
Of the United Kingdom
King Faud
of Saudi Arabia

15. Dictatorship: An individual or group holds complete political power
Dictatorship: An individual or group holds complete political power. Example: North Korea or Afghanistan.
North Korea

16. Communism: In this government and economic system, nearly all political power and means of production are held by the government in the name of all the people.
China

17. Theocracy A government run by religious leaders.
Government claims to be directed by God or divinely blessed.
Examples:
ancient time: Pharaohs in Egypt.
Current: Iran, Ayatollah

18. Three geographic characteristics are very important in describing a country. These characteristics are: 1) size, 2) shape, and 3) relative location.

19. The combination of these characteristics makes each nation unique.

20. You might assume that the physical size of a country has much to do with its wealth and power. However, this is not always true.

21. For example, the political division of the United Kingdom known as England once controlled a significant empire of colonies around the globe.

22. Even so, a larger nation, such as the United States, China, or Russia, has the potential to be more powerful because it has more resources and people on which to build military or economic power.

23. Countries can be compact, such as Germany, or long like Chile.

24. Some countries are fragmented, like Japan, which is made up of many islands.

25. The shape of a country can have an impact on how easily it can be governed, how goods are moved to all areas of the country, and how it relates to neighboring countries.

26. The relative location of a country can be very important
The relative location of a country can be very important. A landlocked country, one surrounded by other land and with no direct outlet to the sea, must find ways to build connections to the rest of the world to get goods in and out of the country.
AUSTRIA

27. Bolivia is an example of a landlocked country.

28. In contrast, the location of the tiny city-state of Singapore in SW Asia gives it access to major shipping lanes between East Asia and South Asia.

29. The resulting trade brings great wealth to Singapore ports.

30. A nation surrounded by hostile neighbors must deal with issues of protection and security.

31. Boundaries or borders set the limits of the territory controlled by a state.
North Korean Border

32. Within its borders, the state can do such things as collect taxes, set up a legal code, and declare an official language.

33. A state may claim all of the resources found within its boundaries.

34. Because so much is at stake, states are very protective of their borders.

35. The two basic types of national boundaries are natural and artificial.

36. A natural boundary is based on physical features of the land, such as rivers, lakes, or chains of mountains.
France & Spain are separated by the Pyrenees Mountains

37. can present problems (what if a river shifts course?)
The Rio Grande River, for example, is a river that forms a natural boundary between part of Mexico and part of the United States.
can present problems (what if a river shifts course?)
Mexico

38. An artificial boundary is a fixed line generally following latitude or longitude lines.

39. The 49th degree latitude line that separates the U. S
The 49th degree latitude line that separates the U.S. from Canada is an example.

40. Sometimes a conquering country imposes boundaries on lands it has taken over.
The United States declared a new boundary after the War with Mexico.

41. Countries often are divided into smaller political units to make governing more efficient.
Individual States

42. The most common local units of government are cities, towns, and villages.
City of San Antonio, Texas

43. Other types of political units might include school districts.

44. Here, too, there may be districts for providing a service or product to an area that crosses several political units. For example, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) regulates water usage in a seven-state region.

45. Smaller political units often combine to form larger regional units, such as countries, provinces, and states.

46. LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT
Local- smaller units; direct contact with the people; deals with issues narrow in scope (water, streets); cities, school districts, MUDs

47. LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT
State/Regional- larger units composed of smaller units; less people contact than local but more than national; deals with issues affecting all smaller units; states, licensing bureaus

48. LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT
National- very large unit composed of many medium and small units; little direct contact with the people; deals with issues affecting the entire nation; security, national trade, diplomatic relations

49. Countries may join with each other to form international, political, military, or economic units.
North Atlantic
Treaty Organization

50. Groups of states within a regional area may band together to promote mutual goals. An example is the European Union.

51. The largest political unit is the United Nations, which has nearly 200 members who work to improve political, cultural, and economic conditions across the globe.
United Nations
building in
New York City.