1. The approaches
Lesson 2

2. Please sit where your name card is

3. Objectives To be able to outline the main psychological approaches.
To create a timeline of the main approaches in psychology

4. A way of understanding and explaining psychology
The Approaches
The Learning Approach (Behaviourist approach/Social Learning Theory)
The Cognitive Approach
The Biological Approach
The Psychodynamic Approach
The Humanistic Approach
What is an Approach?
A way of understanding and explaining psychology
There are many different approaches in psychology and each one emerged at a different time throughout the history of psychology

5. 1927 – Ivan Pavlov’s work on classical conditioning
Timeline
1901 – The BPS was founded
1953 – Skinner’s Operant conditioning
1968 – The Multi Store Model of memory is developed
1879- Wilhelm Wundt and the first Psychology Laboratory
1974 – The working memory model
1927 – Ivan Pavlov’s work on classical conditioning
1950’s – The Cognitive Approach
1931 – Psychology as the Behaviourist views it. Is published
Sigmund Freud published his book The Interpretation of Dreams
1970’s development of brain scanning techniques
1961 – Bandura’s SLT
1971 – Humanistic psychology
1951 – Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs

6. Introspection: Wilhelm Wundt
Introspection was developed to expose the mind to scientific research
William was the first person to be called a psychologist.
He opened a psychology laboratory in Germany in 1879
He wanted to explore the human ‘mind’…
Introspection means “looking into”
It is the examination of ones thoughts.
Subjects would be presented with a problem to solve or something to memorise. They would be asked to report back on their inner experiences.

7. Should psychology be considered a science?
As you learn about the different methods and approaches used by psychologists, you should consider the degree to which they can be considered scientific

8. Psychodynamic Approach
Sigmund Freud ( )
I am a Psychoanalyst and I believe that:
personality is shaped in the first five years of life
Children go through psychosexual stages of development
Early childhood experiences can influence later adult behaviour.
Our behaviours, thoughts and feelings are affected by unconscious wishes/desires.
The libido – sex drive is the most powerful.
According to Freud the unconscious determined our behaviour, emotions and actions.
Considering this, how do you think Freud would recommend that mental illness should be treated?
Childhood as the source of abnormality
Case study – gather rich data – less scientifc does not use controlled experiment
We cannot prove the theory wroing – unfalsifiable. – cannot test it scientifically

9. Psychodynamic Approach
Rorschach ink block test
A form of projective test that asks respondents to interpret abstract, symmetrical inkblots
I treat people using hypnosis, dream analysis and projective tests to try to uncover their unconscious desires.

10. Learning theory Behavioural Psychologists
Ivan Pavlov and B. F Skinner (1900’s to 1940).
I am a Behavioural Psychologist and I believe that:
All behaviour is learnt from the environment and we learn new behaviours
That the child comes into the world as a blank slate (tabula rasa)
That we can experiment on animals and transfer the findings to understand humans
We learn behaviour through positive and negative reinforcements.
Behaviour directly influenced by the environment
Made an effort to be scientific – not mental processes cannot be tested scientifcally
Lab experiments- observable – quantificable
Test on animals – general laws that can apply to humans- not qualitatively different
How is Sheldon reinforcing Penny?

11. Question On a post it note….
Identify one difference between the psychodynamic approach and the behaviourist approach
Animal vs. human
Case study vs, lab experiments
Unconcious vs. learnt through the environment

12. Cognitive Psychologists
Aaron Beck (1940’s +)
I am a Cognitive Psychologist and I believe that:
The brain works like a computer in the way it processes information
50’s/ 60’s: Development of the first computers.
Our thoughts and beliefs shape our behaviour.
Faulty thinking leads to faulty behaviour
Two people can be in the same situation, but not react in the same way (because they think differently)
I treat people using cognitive behavioural therapy – by trying to make people realise that their thoughts are irrational.
This approach emerged in the 1940’s
In the 50’s and 60’s we saw the development of the first computers.
The cognitive approach used the computer analogy to explain how the brain processes information
Draw a computer and a brain – show input process output

13. Humanistic approach I believe that…..
humans have free will (choice) over their behaviour
Each individual is unique, and their subjective experience should be studied
Psychological problems will occur if you real self and your ideal self do not match (incongruent)
Each person has an innate need to fulfil their potential and achieve self-actualisation
Abraham Maslow
(1960+)
I created the Hierarchy of Needs. The humanistic approach devised Person Centre with the key features being Empathy, Congruence and Unconditional Positive Regard…

14. I have free will and can decide when I get out of bed
Discuss: do you agree or disagree
I have free will and can decide when I get out of bed
My behaviour is determined by my circadian rhythm (biological factor) and expectations of my boss (environmental factor).

15. Learning theory Social Learning theory
Albert Bandura
I am a Behavioural Psychologist and I believe that:
We learn from watching other people (role models).
The role models can either be live or symbolic
We learn through the observation and imitation of a specific behaviour
We learn through 4 mediational processes:
Attention, Retention, Motor Reproduction, Motivation
How does this clip support the social learning theory?
Combination of the behaviourist approach and cognitive approach

16. Biological Psychologists
Roger Sperry
I am a Biological Psychologist and I believe that:
All our behaviour has a biological cause
Different biological and physiological systems influence our thoughts, feelings and behaviour, including:
Genes
Biochemistry (Hormones/Neurotransmitters)
Brain Damage
Psychological disorders have a physical cause, and can therefore be treated with drug therapies
I conducted split-brain studies, where I cut brains in half to cure epilepsy – however, what I discovered was far more interesting…

17. Recap Quiz What are the approaches in psychology?
What is meant by the term ‘Approach’ in psychology?
Why is an iceberg often used to represent Freud’s approach to human behaviour?
According to the behaviourists how do we learn behaviour

18. Should psychology be considered a science?

19. 1927 – Ivan Pavlov’s work on classical conditioning
Timeline
1901 – The BPS was founded
1953 – Skinner’s Operant conditioning
1968 – The Multi Store Model of memory is developed
1879- Wilhelm Wundt and the first Psychology Laboratory
1974 – The working memory model
1927 – Ivan Pavlov’s work on classical conditioning
1950’s – The Cognitive Approach
1931 – Psychology as the Behaviourist views it. Is published
Sigmund Freud published his book The Interpretation of Dreams
1970’s development of brain scanning techniques
1961 – Bandura’s SLT
1971 – Humanistic psychology
1951 – Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs

20. Explain the following behaviour using the approach you have been given:
Lewis had problems keeping down relationships. He had a number of romantic relationships but they never lasted. He was often left feeling unsatisfied and pessimistic about his romantic future. Lewis’s friends argue that he is always looking for perfection in his romantic partners and that he sets himself up for disappointment as no one can live up to his expectations.

21. Explain how each approach would explain Napper’s behaviour
Robert Napper
Explain how each approach would explain Napper’s behaviour

22. Plenary: Group Activity
Each of the wall boards have been allocated an approach With your group write one assumption of the psychological approach on your w/b Move to the next board and add another assumption In your team - take an envelope – your task is to match the correct assumptions under the relevant approach Can you add anything else to the whiteboard that is missing?

23. Track your learning in class

24. Approaches
Lesson 3

25. Approaches
Lesson 3

26. Please sit where your name card is

27. Individual activity
Individually, match the correct dates, key terms or assumptions with the approach.
Extension: can you add any other assumptions/key terms that have been missed?

28. Create your own personal timeline
Cut out the boxes/or write the information from the previous task down to create the psychology timeline.
Place the timeline in the correct order.

29. 1927 – Ivan Pavlov’s work on classical conditioning
Timeline
1901 – The BPS was founded
1953 – Skinner’s Operant conditioning
1968 – The Multi Store Model of memory is developed
1879- Wilhelm Wundt and the first Psychology Laboratory
1974 – The working memory model
1927 – Ivan Pavlov’s work on classical conditioning
1950’s – The Cognitive Approach
1931 – Psychology as the Behaviourist views it. Is published
Sigmund Freud published his book The Interpretation of Dreams
1970’s development of brain scanning techniques
1961 – Bandura’s SLT
1971 – Humanistic psychology
1951 – Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs

30. Groups for posters
You will be assigned an approach that will make up this years timeline.
1 > Behaviourist approach
2> Social Learning Theory
3> Cognitive approach
4> Biological approach
5>Humanistic approach
6> psychodynamic approach
7> Introspection

31. Creation of the timeline
In your group, create a poster for your approach. The poster must contain the following information:
Psychologists associated with the approach
Key terms
Important dates
You have 45 minutes to create your poster. The more creative they are, the better!

32. Track your learning in class