1. Lead-ins and In-text Citations
CEI Paragraphs
Lead-ins and In-text Citations

2. Lead-ins There are 3 different types of lead-ins:
Somebody said lead-in
Blended lead-in
Sentence lead-in
The lead-in links the quotation to what surrounds it in the context of the paper. If the quote is just dropped in to a sentence with a proper lead-in it is called a dropped quote. Do NOT use dropped quotes in your writing.
Dropped quote example:
Leonato is a very caring person; he tries to make things happen in relationships. “Well niece, I hope to see you one day fitted with a husband (Shakespeare 20).

3. Somebody Says Lead-in
This type of lead-in is most frequently used, but be careful to not overuse it. The author’s name is used to introduce the quote.
Examples:
Jane M. Agee comments, “Many students who would not have attempted college even seven years ago are not coming into universities through junior colleges” (10).
The messenger says, “He hath borne himself beyond the promise of his age, doing in the figure of a lamb the feats of a lion” (Shakespeare 21).
In a play, the somebody says lead-in should note the same of the speaker of the quote.

4. Blended Lead-in
Blended lead-ins provide flexibility to the writer. The writer chooses the part of the quote necessary for his paper and blends it smoothly into the rest of the sentence.
Example:
State universities are serving a broader student population than ever before by admitting students from junior colleges and through “special remedial programs where students who do not meet entrance requirements are admitted on probation” (Agee 10).

5. Sentence Lead-in
A sentence lead-in is an effective lead-in where the sentence prior to the quote leads directly to the following sentence. It is almost an introduction to the quote.
Examples:
Agee insists that English instruction on the college level will not be improved until educations examine the situation realistically: “Public school teachers, professors of English Education, students, and state leaders need to sit down together and evaluate the current realities before any real progress can be made” (10).
Beatrice constantly looks down on Benedick and degrades him with her quick wit: “Scratching could not make it worse and it were such a face as yours were” (Shakespeare 14).

6. In-text Citations (APA)
Direct Quotes
According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).
Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?
She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.

7. In-text Citations (APA)
Summary or Paraphrase
According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.
APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).
For additional resources on APA style: